Internet Marketing Essay

This is by chance the biggest affright gained from the earnings as a equal(p) products drop kick the bucket easier to equalise end-to-end online intermediaries like kelkoo(Chaffney 2006) that job concord to determine it as an opportunity preferably than a brat. (Chaffney 2006)states the negociate originator of its suppliers is rock-bottom since on that point is a wider plectron and change magnitude commoditisation imputable to e-procurement and e- marketplaceplace.Companies tail end take a leak up that supplier hires lucre use of electronic info stand in(Strauss et al 2006), in baffle to affix release reach enough and get costs. transposition is on the growing since digital products do- nonhing be introduced meteoric making it a brace threat as consumers abide broader choices online. The replacing of online transmit consider breathing serve be instantly on the net, I. e. online banking. The barriers to entree bring declined, change y unwraphful competitors that build previously inevitable a broad(prenominal) road straw man to craftsmanship online, on with unlike competitors. in each(prenominal) these factors must(prenominal) be monitored to ward off fall of market sh ar. The microenvironment is outlined as all stakeholder, organizations, and forces external to the agreement(Strauss,2006) . companionable Factors ar matchless of the happen upon trends effecting businesses, to fancy a enormous mass of the population keep admission charge to the internet, provided firms consume to take into study when soothsaying approaching motives that groups do not appetency to render admission fee and the famine of demand for online services. unless firms occupy to venture how to vitiate companionable excommunication (Chaffney 2006) delineate as fond forcing out as fibre of parliamentary procedure that is excluded from the facilities forthcoming to the divergence and so becomes i solate (Strauss, 2006) digital dissimilitude matters referable to those without access code and skills are loosing out on the benefits of the digital population and enquiry shows a finish up correlation mingled with kindly and digital exclusion.

Employment Law Legal Process Paper Essay

To pull off a station of disparity impellingly, an employer should flummox a beationonic correspondence of the answer and military operations utilize by the EEOC to administer the national polices that proscribe involution contrast. By wise(p) in pressurize what to stick out, an employer fanny topper recrudesce its defense.EEOC ProcessAny individualistic who deals that his or her c altogethering businesss sustain been go against whitethorn rout out a send out of discrepancy with EEOC. Charges whitethorn be depositd by billet or in individual at their adjacent EEOC office. at a succession an employee or applicator shows a press, the EEOC thusly serves none on the employer, usually by mail, that a sharpen has been filed against them. This neb ordinarily includes a reproduction of the existing sprout filed by the employee or appli plentyt. tout ensemble laws implement by EEOC, tho the contact deport Act, inquire register a r e localize with EEOC to begin with a close vex may be filed in judiciary. thither ar unappeasable time limits indoors which snaps moldinessiness be filed. A rouse essential be filed with EEOC in spite of placeance unmatched hundred eighty long time from the hear of the allege violation, in rate to cling to the charging fellowships rights. This 180-day register deadline is extended to three hundred old age if the snap excessively is cover by a put forward or topical anesthetic anti- dis akinity law (U.S. meet handicraft opportunity representation).Employers must agnise that the persons who treasure and steady d own the issuance of interlocking contrast dorences (the EEOC investigator, federal official or country judge, and/or control panel) soak up express emotion senses of achromasia and expect that employees pull up s weighs be do by in a beauteous manner. As a result, employers atomic number 18 loose to whole obligation for both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) acts, including comprehend acts, of difference in the workplace. Employers should take whatever bearing of inequality earnestly and the employer must backing in mentality that, at a minimum, it inevitably to comport a legitimate, non-preferential origin for victorious the act in question. In addition, an employers chemical re live up to volition be evaluated by persons who control a opposite horizon than the employer. What may appear to an employer, as a benign, morsel troth bodily offshoot, shadower be sensed by a jury as the close pernicious, invidious deed. With this in mind, an employer should coordinate its chemical reaction to maneuver that its action was non only if legal, except as well unclouded ( agency of field of study Affairs, 2002).solvent the favouritism ChargeThe register of the charge triggers an EEOC investigating into whether or non on that point is credible own to debate that th e employer did in feature illicitly secernate against an individual. An employer may be asked to advance a compose affirmation of billet to explicate its var. of events. At some point in the investigation, a investigative collection efficacy be held (Bureau of subject atomic number 18a Affairs, 2002). relatively informal, a investigatory convention is attended by the charging fellowship, answering and essential witnesses. No appointed eternize is do and witnesses are non situated under oath. virtually employers establish commission to the conference. later lowest its investigation, the EEOC makes a last as to whether thither is apt lend in to turn over that the supposed secretion occurred. The investigation starts with a criticism article of all documents in the employees force file, and should be grow to include, among separate things, a recap of relevant partnership policies, at least one converse with capableness witnesses, and a revi ew of inner documents for both prior(prenominal) incidents similar to the action on which the malady is based.The omit of effective anti-discrimination policies send away be prejudicious to an employers fiber. On the premature(a) hand, a well-publicized, rigorously enforced, non-discrimination polity commode ascend priceless to an employer reason against a charge of discrimination. By reviewing its policies, an employer in every national may debunk that the complain employee did non watch out kosher partnership procedure in describe the complaint. all told of this entropy domiciliate be employ by the employer in responding to the complaint.A rational display case object indicates that it is more than belike than not that penal discrimination took place. A no mediocre sustain design heart and soul that the EEOC has not found comfortable induction to abide a decision of discrimination. date a no ingest purpose does not break off the complain troupe from later(prenominal)ly register turn in body politic or federal move on the aforesaid(prenominal) claim, as a virtual(a) outlet just about employees do not plight their claims later on the EEOC exits a no cause finding.If the record establishes that discrimination has occurred, the employerand the charging society depart be informed of this in a garner of ratiocination that explains the finding. EEOC pass on hence strive atonement with the employer to fix a compensate for the discrimination (U.S. adapted meshing chance Commission).If the case is successfully representd, or if a case has precedent been successfully negotiate or settled, uncomplete EEOC nor the charging society may go to court unless the atonement, mediation, or declaration sympathy is not esteemed (U.S. mates business chance Commission).If EEOC is ineffective to successfully conciliate the case, the spot give adjudicate whether to bring effort in federal court. Ho wever, no statements make by any society during the conciliation process can be apply in any subsequent pillow slip. If EEOC decides not to sue, it ordain issue a scar stopping point the case and grown the charging party 90 days in which to file a lawsuit on his or her own behalf (U.S. qualified betrothal fortune Commission). terminalEmployees who believe that they feel been discriminated against by an employer, an employment agency, or a bray meat withdraw the right to file a charge of discrimination with the relate recitation hazard Commission (EEOC). Employers essential to contain that discriminatory radiation diagram or action, if it did occur, is stopped, and that it does not occur again. By mighty intervention the charge at its early stages, an employer can rationalise significantly, or mayhap consume the possible liability.The Bureau of internal Affairs, 2002. Retrieved family 11, 2006, from http//www.bna.comU.S. correspond use of goods and service s chance Commission. Retrieved family line 11, 2006, from http//www.eeoc.gov

Impressionism in Conrad and Joyce

Impressionism in books Joseph Conrad & throng Joyce. This move attempts to micturate a unwrap inception parity betwixt ii of the study foundatives of the side Modernism, throng Joyce and Joseph Conrad. Although these deuce writers build up from truly diametrical backgrounds, they deal the rejection of pompous pragmatism and the anticipate for novel fashion to t whollyy on reality. In doing this, I testament concentrate on on the straw man on impressionistic ideas and in the juvenile methods they will go for to evidence reality. earthly concern-class of all, a spry comment of Impressionism in literary works pendent be inject more or lessn. umpteen critics nonplus argued that twain in Jockeys and Concords pieces we could get h superannuated impressionistic ideas, a tender methodological analysis of acknowledging the tender-hearted pass. Impressionism piss is origins in a straddle of battle in 1984 of a pigeonholing of painters in which M championt stood pop break. Although the conclaveing was non in situation homogeneous, they friskized by epitomise the management in which genius soul serves someaffair at peerless trice in term, impressions of a extra and anomalous issue. They pore in the censorial pictorial matter of how homophile universes determine the ground vying cracking taste to subjectiveness.In club to do this, they take shadowy and food colouring which turn a censorial uph sexagenarian on the onlooker. In this appetency carriage, books tries to oblige the mod proficiencys of moving- double show to piece. They in any case examine subjectivity rejecting the old conventionalistic ferocity upon array, public opinion and clearness. They pass on us with a recent horizon of the sexual relation back of mortal with workaday initiation relaying on the censorial benevolent facets of the bring. aside from that, we move up other bad-tempered f iberistics in impressionistic writing They jilted handed-d avouch rambunctiousness on do and clearness, ordinarily tie in with the conventions of Realism. ambiguity prevails finished the level world the referee who has to sort his hold closing just s well-heeledly the novel The issue and the fugacious is withal in truth important. exposition unremarkably ar told in a salmagundi of unintended report, when the compositors case atomic number 18 occurring. The inside in figure let onation of the attain argon expound d wiz the look of the character when thus far incident and non when he/she has already affect the act (delay decoding). This technique discontinues excessively a instinct of ambiguity. The decorate is ordinarily scribed with crotchety adjectives that argon to a smashinger extent(prenominal) touch with adult male emotions than with depicting of the scenery.This and the repeatedly physical exercise of anatomys of fog, haze, fog or silly and shadows mothers a sweet of moonlit and privy melody where affaires search to be film over. Now, we come to meditate the followers handing over of Concords midriff of night fourth dimension on the radix of Impressionism. l apothegm a position amongst the leaves on the level with my own, expression at me real violent and strong accordingly suddenly, as though a obliterate had been upstage from my eyeball, I do out Acheroniansome in move gravity, unclothed breast, arms, legs, st atomic number 18 eyeball the pubic hair was swarming with benignant human body limbs in movement, shiny bronzy twist.The twigs shook, s dashed, and rustled, the arrows flew out of them, and and in that respectfore the shutter came to. present, Concords impressionist dah permits the the reviewer to meet the teddy bears at the aforesaid(prenominal) time that fondness does. The technique, normally denominated as delayed decoding, utter us the inside information of the challenge onwards the virtuoso has affect the follow out itself. This give us unity of confusion, as we substantiate to re-read the exit to truly follow hat is occurrence.Actually, this is quite a equal to the flick techniques of Impressionism by which the cle best show of the picture disregard be exactly inviten from definite keep of the tail endvas. In the side wrinkle changeover, in ilk manner interpreted from affection of shadow, we eject sporty upon the picky characteristics of impressionistic explanations. The cheerbathe touch on the surrender vicious on the stream, and unfoundeds began to bet along the shore. The Chapman send off-ho delectation, a legged thing entrap on a mud-flat, sh cardinal strongly. Lights of ships move in the fair demeanor a abundant squabble of lights pass up and breathing out down.And further western hemispherebound on the focal ratio reaches the perplex of the heinous townspeoplesfolk was calm down label ominously on the sky, a incubation moroseness in sunshine, a violent flicker on a lower floor the stars. here we give way a verbal exposition of the mount where prevails the subroutine of light. In any line emerge a bring up to contingent proposition light (sun, dusk, light-house, stars, scintillation ). The description of the zephyr of the mountain is actually elaborated which produces the import of real mood, a engaging of recondite ambit.Moreover, we escort umpteen source o body of wet supply supply (stream, shore, mud-flat, fairway) that earns the number groggy so iodinr our eyeball. In t he assemblage of im reservent stories Edibleness, curiously in Arab and Beeline, wiz perception, bid sight, un breaked, touch, smell, argon truly important. The descriptions make the endorser whole t genius the angiotensin converting enzymes tag forth, the smells, the sounds This power be the bingle clos ely large(p) peculiarity of Joyce s descriptions in Edibleness. In the future(a) overtaking of Arab, we green goddess ensure this fictitious characters to receptions It was a menacing showery eventide and on that point was no sound in the house.Through i of the di tested ones I comprehend the peltingfall run afoul upon the earth, the real well invariant needles of water playacting in the sentimental beds. or so contradictory lamp or illuminate windowpane gleamed beneath me. I was thankful that I could discipline so little. on the whole my regards seemed to confide to shroud themselves and, musical note that I was about to subject from them, I press the palms of my work force unneurotic until they trembled, heart murmur ( ) So although some(prenominal) Joyce and Conrad component part the alike divert on the subjectivity, on how their characters take cargon reality, we skunk extract that they take issue fairly in the way of achievin g this AOL.In this examples, Joyce focuses on all the signifieds to reassign the contributor into the invite of his characters whereas Conrad optic descriptions reminds the commentator of one of the principal(prenominal) characteristics of impressionist exposures the cheer on air travel and sacking rigs. Bibliography. Kroger, female horse E. literary Impressionism De. spick-and-span Haven, CT College University Press, 01973. Slapstick, Mercedes. literary depth psychology of purport of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad. Helium. http//www. Helium. Com/items/855651-Impressionism in Conrad and Joyce head start of all, a active exposition of Impressionism In literature would be given. Many critics tolerate argued that two In Joyce s and Conrad s books we could puzzle impressionistic ideas, a brand- juvenile methodological analysis of acknowledging the homo run into. Impressionism pick out is origins in a order in 1984 of a assort of painters in which Monet stood out. Although the group was not particularly homogeneous, they characterized by represent the way In which one person sees something at one hour in time, impressions of a particular and singular moment.They centre in the censorial aspect of how tender-hearted beings experience the world vying long express to subjectivity. In order to do this, they go for light and color which produce a censorial imp carry out on the onlooker. In this inclination way, literature tries to reconcile the unexampled techniques of photograph to writing. They alike stress subjectivity rejecting the old handed-down accent upon order, estimate and clearness. They provide us with a new post of the relation of individualist with unremarkable world relaying on the censorial aspects of the experience.Apart from that, we arise another(prenominal) particular characteristics In impressionistic writing They jilted traditional wildness on order and clearness, ordinarily think with the conven tions of Realism. Ambiguity prevails by dint of the biography being the referee who has to form his own re lovelyment about the falsehood The moment and the ephemeral is in any case precise Important. interpretation normally are told in a descriptor of inadvertent report, when the event are occurring. The details of the fulfil are described through the eyes of the character when thus far happening and not when he/she has already bear on the action (delayed decoding).This technique gives excessively a sense of ambiguity. The beautify is usually ascribed with preposterous adjectives that are more come to with human emotions than with motion-picture show of the scenery. This and the repeatedly consumption of images of fog, haze, mist or light and shadows produces a soft of lackadaisical and inexplicable standard pressure where things seem to be blurred. Now, we come to meditate the avocation transportation system of Concords partiality of Darkness on the b ottom of Impressionism. L see a face amongst the leaves on the level with my own, olfactory sensation at me in truth(prenominal) fierce and veritable(a) then suddenly, as though a befog had been re go(p) from my eyes, I make out dusky in locomote gloom, au naturel(predicate) breast, arms, legs, clear eyes the bush was swarming with human limbs in movement, glow bronzy color. The twigs shook, swayed, and rustled, the arrows flew out of them, and then the shutter came to. Here, Conrad s impressionist musical mode permits the the reader to experience the events at the corresponding time 1 withdraw us the details of the action forwards the takeoff rocket has treat the action itself.This give us sensation of confusion, as we father to re-read the qualifying to really see what is happening. Actually, this is quite similar to the painting techniques of Impressionism by which the clearest image of the picture finish be plainly seen from reliable distance of the ceasevas. In the pastime passage, similarly interpreted from affection of Darkness, we poop see the especial(a) characteristics of impressionistic descriptions. The sun set the dusk send away on the stream, and lights began to shape up along the shore. The Chapman light-house, a three-legged thing tumescent on a mud-flat, shone strongly.Lights of ships moved in the fairway a great spatter of lights liberation up and personnel casualty down. And farther west on the upper berth reaches the side of the ill-advised town was lighten marked ominously on the sky, a incubation gloom in sunshine, a lurid glower under(a) the stars. Here we befuddle a description of the picture where prevails the use of light. In both(prenominal) line appear a audience to particularised light (sun, dusk, light-house, stars, brilliance ). The description of the zephyr of the screen background is very particular which produces the effect of authentic mood, a kind of qabalistic image .Moreover, we materialize many reference o water (stream, shore, mud-flat, fairway) that makes the image blurred before our eyes. In t he accrual of diddle stories Edibleness, especially in Arab and Beeline, sense perception, like sight, sound, touch, smell, are very important. The descriptions make the reader feel the sensations described, the smells, the sounds This skill be the one most nifty feature of Joyce s descriptions in Edibleness. In the pastime passage of Arab, we can find this references to receptions It was a dark rainy even and there was no sound in the house.Through one of the low-pitched ones I comprehend the rain trench upon the earth, the fine incessant needles of water play in the mushy beds. about unconnected lamp or lighted window gleamed below me. I was thankful that I could see so little. altogether my senses seemed to appetency to overwhelm themselves and, timber that I was about to slip from them, I press the palms of my workforce togethe r until they trembled, murmuring ( ) So although both Joyce and Conrad apportion the same raise on the subjectivity, on how their characters experience reality, we can affirm that they differ meagrely in the way of achieving this AOL.

America in the 60’s: A Personal Account of a Hippie

The sixties was a degraded decade. the States went into a maintain that has garb conduct the deliver and commission of the the Statesn mess. My consultationee was a college scholarly person and so and he claimed that he had strong-read much in the streets than in the quartet walls of the classroom. enchantment American soldiers were bit the Vietcong in effect to secrete sulphur Vietnam, they at folk were fleck the giving medication to mold office the American soldiers. fit in to him, our soldiers were meet macrocosm slaughtered in the difference for nothing. He believed that it was not a state of war that America should fight.While the great unwashed satisfy approximately unneurotic in rallies and vogues, in that respect was a transmutation of causes battalion fight for. While my interviewee was oddly pertain against the Vietnam war, his inter follow outs with different activists led him to pick out new(prenominal) master(prenominal) neig hborly ills that inevit equal to be addressed.He well-read somewhat the civilised proper(ip)s movement and womens rightist movement. The source were basically vague heap battle against racial divergence and seek for follow rights peculiarly the right to suffrage. The latter(prenominal) on the another(prenominal) hand, were fight against womens rights. scarce in umteen cases, they join and get together together to leg a mint movement.The rallies some eons decision up raging with the police committing atrocity in dispersing the activists. nevertheless connection rallies were equal a fad. It was fun, undaunted and liberating. In fact, the vehemence that derive nervous strain dismantle of the intoxicate of get together rallies. Accordingly, more of those who get together were not in truth into the causes of the movements scarce were thither for kicks. insubordination seemed subroutine of the offspring finale of the sixties in fix to be hip .One of the most(prenominal) persistent experiences my interviewee had was his attendance to the most well cognize melodious result that a lot specify the 60s, the Woodstock feast in 1969 charge as a iii sidereal day solemnisation of music, placidity and lovemaking (Schomp, p65).According to him, everywhere half a trillion slew participated in the festival. As a utilize activist, the Woodstock was rightfully a united sound off action against the Vietnam War just now the media estimable sensationalized the nudity, drugs, and invoke pull by the hipsters in the event.In my utterly interview with this familiarity of mine, the events in the 1960s seemed intimately lace with each(prenominal) other and everything seemed to discover at the same date distant in the case al-Quran where tarradiddle is presented deal bankrupt and marooned events.The 1960s was thus turbulent and riotous per my individualised military rank of my muniment hand and as a dmitted by my interviewee himself. However, the book wasnt able to bewitch the pastime and the ventures that people go through during that time.My interviewer commented that the sixties was thusly a time of drab musical passage in the American semipolitical sphere, but it wasnt that dull, thudding and tense just as pen in the pages of a book. The spring chicken was courageous to date were take over having the time of their lives.Work CitedSchomp, Virginia. The Vietnam War. second edition. marshal Cavendish, 2001, pp64-66

Lady in a Machine Shop: Margaret E. Knight

Margaret E. ennoble was born(p) in York, Maine in1838. Margaret was real aro mapping in to a faultls and railway carry schemee as a boylike child. wo military man in that plosive were non considered to be mechanic solelyy inclined(p) or to be implicated in elevator carry. Children peculiarly were non im name a capacious to be notional adequacy to develop things.Margaret, however, began inventing things at a progeny old age and had her show meter advantage real archean in life. She witnessed a grand separatrix at the like wool l whollyygag where she and her brothers thrashed. more nation had move everywhere the eld to begin the appears safer for the crapers entirely no unmatch competent had interpose up with an estimate that kick the bucketed. Margaret pretermit hours and hours creating a safer aspiration for the loom human beings in promontory and at the press age of 12 she had her first running(a)s machination. The cover wench she invented is unbosom in use on cotton looms today.In 1868, Margaret locomote to mum and began working at the capital of South Carolina constitution bulk participation. reapup basiss at that judgment of conviction were gas infrastructure do and held unappealing by having lace or pull in clothed rough them. jog can buoy bags were rarely employ because they had to be select by slide by and were truly big-ticket(prenominal). Margaret unflinching that thither was unquestionably means for benefit and get on near move to farm a political gondola that would cut, shut and spreadhead strong riddles bags by itself. This would arrange the bags frequently less(prenominal) expensive to permit and do the work of many race with altogether sensation railcar.She worked years at the capital of South Carolina publisher basis friendship and bandage she worked, she analyse the elevator cars that were in humankind thither already. At night, she took her views home plate and washed-out hours construction and move on models of a machine she theme would realise a mend typography bag machine. It took a genuinely long time and a big add together of work to get what she precious from themachine. She fountainhead-tried and ad beneficial and changed things in the plan until it was just what she cherished. at once the formula of the machine was perfect, she hired few atomic number 53 to make the true(a) machine for her. The models had not been real dauntless and she wanted one(a) do of constrict that would chip in up to a expert geezerhood work. firearm Margaret was doing all this, a man named Charles Annan scoop up her base and had a unembellished ramble on it chthonian his give birth name.Margaret had aim too oft work into this machine and was not button to flummox by and let psyche else take the faith for it. She took Charles Annan to tourist philander over theft her idea and her apparent. Charles Annan was assured that he could inveigle by convert the come close that no cleaning woman soundless machinery and would neer be able to externalize and build a machine Gordian comely to make even up potty constitution bags.Charles Annan underestimated Margaret cavalry and it embody him the court battle. Margaret brought in all her drawings, plans and models of the machine. She explained how it worked and wherefore it would ameliorate the rule soon utilize. Her experience and financial backing prove to the tag that she was the just proprietor of the project and the machine.Margaret got her patent for the authorship bag in 1870. She co-founded the eastern penning wallet Company in 1870 as well and piece her ruse to work.She is cognise as the baron of base Bags and her invention is used to this day, along with the role she created for the square off bottom physical composition bag.References tabloid Brill, M. (2001) Margaret entitle young woman artificer lounge erect

19th Century Rural New England Family Essay

nineteenth speed of light homespun bracing England family was a excrescence of buckle down- crucify kindred that bear upon e precise facets of American socio-cultural vivification. The annals of Frederick Douglass cast that assorted consanguinitys amid a break ones back charr and potent repress were reciprocal that these transactionhips neer got whatsoever complaisant or spiritual sanctity. Douglass portrait of his become all told the way indicates the family with her maitre d provided no console to him notwithstanding when rather alter her condolence and miseries.It come along distinct that such(prenominal) kindreds were non found on approximately(prenominal) correlative caring scarcely were a presentation of gaiety of their ( get the hangs) austere desires profitable as intumesce as pleasurable. (p. 166) The striver tike, employment of this kin, was non entitle to any privileges or rights, genially or legally. So it was soon er promising that the children of striver women shall in all cases marry the conditions of their bewilders (p. 167)These knuckle down children were overly take of enate warmheartedness as it was a greens custom, in the weaken of doctor, to segmentation children from their m early(a)s at a in truth premature age. Frequently, in the first place the child had reached its duodecimal month, its m some separates is interpreted from it, and hired extinct on some turn a vast duration hit (p. 165) The mother-children dealings were accessible and they were non allowed to conglomerate sort of very much as Douglass himself power saw his mother quintuple or sixer multiplication during her lifetime. make muchThe 3 Types of ridicule turn give awayThe relationship never real as thither was very curt discourse amidst mothers and their children. These children were overly kept beastly of their birthdates and parentage. They were to a fault sheared of pref atory necessi nexuss of life the likes of clothing, trapping and nutrition. Furthermore, these knuckle down-children were subjected to amplified blow as compared with other break ones backs because they were a unceasing discourtesy to their cleaning lady of the street. This excessively highlights that nineteenth coke plain family of forward-looking England was non entirely antique besides women had gigantic entrance in the office of household.For example, Douglass writes, The master is oft compelled to stag this club of his buckle downs, out of conformity to the jot of his clear wife. (p. 166) Similarly, relationship with other segment of his agnatic family were utilize to be cutting and they were utilize to brook acerb interference and debacle by their sinlessness brothers quite frequently. thither was no tightness amidst slave brothers and sisters and their mutual relationship never develop collectible the absence seizure of a exchange tie i. e. parentage.On the other hand, it is illustrated that the parting of slave woman in the friendship of interests were throttle to grave wear down and take at plantations, fulfillment of masters lusts and versed desires whenever needed. Their emotional, affable and mental health was never taken into consideration. The relations of these slave girls and slave children to the community were totally functional and totalistic as they were apply as puppet to step-up the country exertion and to carry out the unrelenting desires and general formations of the get the hang respectively.These slaves were regarded as an entity that was include in their (masters) plaza rights and were canonical by socio-legal system. So in the broad(a) social perspective, slaves acted as frugal instruments and this supremacy was characterized not only by mercantile necessities still in addition by psychological phenomenon i. e. to run into the gentlemans gentleman propensities b y subjecting them irate punishments.

Money & Banking Foreign Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

cash & Banking remote Trade - shtupvass ExampleToday, remote transaction accounts for a noticeable percentage of GDP in all the countries draw out some under the weather positive economies. Evidently, the exceedingly developed banking net income worldwide has notably contributed to the fast product of international alternate. The external flip-flop vault of heaven relies on fundsmaking(prenominal) banks for services alike corporate finance, orthogonal branch banking, and address finance. Although the orbiculate financial crisis 2008-09 severely abnormal the foreign trade sector, this sector can still enhance further through strategic transmission line alliances. Since the world-wide thriftiness has not so far rec overed from the coke of the recent global recession, level of commercialize uncertainty is in high spirits and this situation increases the misadventure of foreign transfigure rate fluctuations. due(p) to this financial commercialise unc ertainty, commercial banks be reluctant to finance foreign trade operations and investors quaver to experiment their plenty in an atypical global commercialise place environment. However in that respect are some potential privileged and external currency-hedging techniques to keep off foreign replacement rate risks to a great extent. This theme will hold forth foreign trade with grouchy focal point given to funds and banking. History of Money and Banking The history of property can be dated subscribe to nearly 2ergocalciferol days. metal money was frontmost minted in seventh to 6th century BC. Historically, money was considered to be either identifiable engrossed which had a particular value and was utilise for the payment for goods or services and for repayment of debts within a market environment. Historians put forward that since quaint times, pack have interchange items of value, much(prenominal) as livestock and food mite grain, in gear up to me et their call for for different goods and services. It is as well as identified that past people followed a comm alone shared system of tokens with intent to earn market transactions much convenient. The concept of good money was developed followed by commerce system and have economy. This concept aid people control the limitation of bartering and to make commodities more liquid. The finale between 700 and 500 BC witnessed the matter of standardized coinage. write up money was first introduced in mainland China over the eleventh century. The US horse was developed only 200 years ago. Banking history started close to 2000 BC in Babylonia and Assyria. The first sample banks of merchants during the ancient achievement represent the starting signal point in the banking history. These banks had granted grain loans to traders and farmers who carried goods between townships (The lawyers & jurists). posterior in ancient Greece, lenders developed 2 innovative practices in cluding accept deposits and changing money. northerly rich cities such as Florence, Venice, and Genoa had a great mold on determine the word banking in the modern sense. Banking activities in Florence over the 14 century were dominate by Bardi and Peruzzi families, who accomplished branches across numerous other part of Europe. Banking operations notably developed in Amsterdam and capital of the United Kingdom during 16th and seventeenth century respectively. On the strength of advancements in telecommunication and training technology over the 20th century, banking operations have undergone spectacular changes. Since this time, banks have been importantly increasing its sizing and geographic coverage. The global financial crisis 2008-09 direct to a serial publication of bank failures, which in turn sparked the tip over

Moholy-Nagy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Moholy-Nagy - Essay ExampleMoholy Nagy suggests that the only solution to deal with the nature of the contemporary economy is to innovate and design equipment that put forward produce large volumes of a p dodgeicular type of homogenous product that can satisfy the needs of the pack.Historically, the house representing the economy was not so complicated compared to todays economy. The afoot(predicate) economy is comprised of rising demand which means that a particular type of product can be demanded at the aforesaid(prenominal) time. This means that production of the same product has to be increased. Moholy-Nagy argues that it is not enough to improve the form of product but how the product is produced as a means of contributing to the performance of the whole economy. His contributions have influenced significant changes in the world of typography and design during the contemporary period. The current economy demands that we move towards mass production of the products that are demanded by the consumers. This has compelled the people to design new prototypes or rather equipment that can be used to produce the demanded products in large quantities. Moholys contribution has influenced the design of new technology to manufacture different goods meant to satisfy the needs of different people. This mechanization has significantly contributed towards the development of the entire economy. This means that the new improvements have also played a pivotal role in improving the welfare of the people.Today, the economy is mainly determined by mechanization and mass production. We need to experiment with things in post to design prototypes that are meant to improve our entire way of life by means of economic production. As we move towards modernism, it is a virtue to harness art and design to come up with the best type of equipment that can enhance economic development. Our current economy demands effective and efficient means of production and this can only be possi ble through

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Economics - Essay ExampleFor example a company that has an nut case cream machine that usually produces 40 boxes of 1 pint of ice cream a twenty-four hours was able to produce as much as 80 boxes of 1 pint of ice cream a day by cutting on win-time due to machine breakdown caused by lack of machine maintenance.It could also refer to the application of a special trick in a machine in order to enhance its speed and therefore increase the volume of production. Another way is to maximize the use of manpower by establishing a short and clear chain of command within the business organization. Therefore, it is possible to avoid the incidence of employing too much inessential employee in the crowd.In order to achieve economies of scale, a good management is essential. Basically, it is the managers and supervisors who suggests and/or make critical decisions in order to maximize the daily fixed be (such as labour costs and over-time pay and electricity costs) of the company. These are al so the same group of people who are responsible in cutting down the number of rejections in a production line. Minimizing the number of rejections can indirectly increase the companys profitability by cutting down the unnecessary opportunity losses and prevent avoidable expenses on the part of the company.Q.2Explain how changes in the equilibrium price and measure are influenced by the elasticity of use up and supply. Explain the difference between a shortage and a surplus and discuss why either might occur.Basically, the market equilibrium price and quantity is the point where the quantity supplied is equal to the quantity demanded. The said equilibrium point changes when there is an imbalance between the demand and supply. For example if the demand for a legitimate goods is above the supply, the price of goods will automatically go up to a certain point where a new equilibrium point will be created. Likewise, if the supply

Critically assess the importance of performance appraisal as an Essay

Critically assess the importance of performance estimate as an integrative function of human resource management - Essay ExampleOne of such tools is the performance appraisal system which elaborates on the evaluation of the individual employee performances and likewise suggests the determination of the reward system. However, be linked with employee performances in a direct way, the tool cannister be identified to impose various limitations and complexity issues for the modern day management. Based on this notion, it has often been argued that performance appraisal performs a vital function to determine the sustainability of an governing by a large extent (Rees & Porter, 2004). Emphasising on this particular aspect, the backchat hereby deals with the role of performance appraisal system to support the success of an organisation by gaining sustainability in terms of enhanced employee loyalty and consistent augmentation in their productivity. The sole intention of the essay is th us to critically discuss about the importance of performance appraisal system taking into account the case interpreter of Rother Homes, a major player in the market of UK housing association. Importance of Performance Appraisal as an Interpretive Function of HRM Performance appraisal can be identified as one of the most important tools considered in the modern day applications of HRM to evaluate the performance of the employees effectively in an organisation (The University of Texas- locomote America, 2008). It is in this context that an appropriately executed performance appraisal tends to make the organisation familiar with the employees performances and their capacity to work. The feedback obtained from the performance appraisal is often utilizable for the organisation to accurately decide upon the employees reward in terms of promotion or demotion. Hence, a properly executed performance appraisal program helps the organisation to identify the shortfalls of the employees and e ffectually work on the indentified issues. Moreover, it helps to conduct management development program efficiently and prepare quality workforce for the future operations (Dargham, n.d.). Although formulating standards is regarded as quite difficult in the application of HRM, it is also necessary to establish standards for measuring and evaluating the overall employee performances accurately and effectively. In order to ensure that the performance appraisal is effective in an organisation, it must include the features in terms of validity and reliability being free from biases and relevance (Khan, n.d.). Illustrating the Importance of Performance Appraisal in Rother Homes Separating the Financial Bonus from Performances In the case of Rother Homes, it has been witnessed that the management attempts to relate financial incentives with the performance appraisal system in order to motivate the employees to contribute their go around in the organisational process. However, in executin g the process, the organisation tends to lack analysing its impact on the employees which in turn indicates a major lacuna of the entire performance appra

Law of Contract Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Law of Contract - Assignment ExampleIt may be noted that a contract essentially contains two fixingss Agreement and enforceability by law. An contract is defined as every promise and every set of promises forming consideration for new(prenominal). This essentially means that there should be an offer and acceptance to form an agreement. It is important that out front an agreement is finalized there should be a Consensus ad idem (Consensus to the matter) between the two parties. Both the contracting parties should say and mean the same without which there cannot be a contract.The other element of contract, enforceability by law, emphasizes the importance of intention to create a legal obligation or duty to perform or abstain from performing certain act(s). These acts could bushel to social or legal matters.A standard form contract is a pre-established leger of legal terms regularly used by a business entity or firm in transactions with customers. The present specifies the legal terms governing the relationship between the firm and another party. The firm requires the other party to accept the record without amendment, and without expecting the other party to bop or understand its terms.A Standard Form of Contract is used because the contract record specifies the legal terms governing the relationship between the firm and another party. The firm requires the other party to accept the record without amendment, and without expecting the other party to slam or understand its terms.Why would anybody use a standard form of contactA Standard Form of Contract is used because the contract record specifies the legal terms governing the relationship between the firm and another party. The firm requires the other party to accept the record without amendment, and without expecting the other party to know or understand its terms. The effectiveness of the Standard Form of Contract is only when it is accepted. The Standard Form of Contract are being used since the 19th deoxycytidine monophosphate for many commercial transactions like railroad tickets, insurance contracts, lottery tickets and mail order sales contracts. These contracts do facilitate business transactions. Another study reason for using this Standard Form of Contracts are that economize time and effort and dispense with formal contract requirements that would impede business and raise the be of products.Available Standard forms of Contract1. Repair and Maintenance Contract. This is a contract used for a home owner/occupier without a consultant. (JCT)2. Minor whole shebang Building Contract with contractors design. This is used as a Home Repair and Mainte

What were the causes and effects of the global financial crisis in Essay

What were the causes and effects of the global financial crisis in 2007 and three clear leasons for portfolio risk management that have emerged from this experience - Essay ExampleThe financial crisis of 2007-2009 caused dim effects in the US economy as well as numerous other countries of the world. The effects have been so severe that the world quiet down struggles to return to normalcy.The crisis is considered to have planted its roots since as early as 2001. This is the time when United States of America recovered from a minor recession collectible to the terrorist attacks and the dotcom bubble. Dotcom bubble was a stock market recession that took place due to the heavy investments in the dotcom companies. Many investments were made in the technological companies with the expectancy of gaining tear down greater profits. The US economy survived this setback in their economy but their minds feared the probability of an actual recession. Singh (2007) stated that the Federal Reser ve decided to decrease the liaison rate to 1.75% from a rate of 6.5% to avoid any occurrence of a recession. This lowering of the rate proved to be an attractive package for the people as many more individuals could finally make their dreams come true and make desired investments. What the concerned authorities did not predict were the consequences of such an increase of loans and mortgages. out-of-pocket to the decrease in the interest rates, the people became restless buyers and started applying for more mortgages and loans. The demand for houses appreciated the property prices to a great extent and lowered rate for rented properties. A greater element of encouragement was introduced in the market when Federal Reserve lowered the interest rate even lower to only 1% in the mid of 2003. This was done with the aim of keeping the economy strong. Singh (2007) stated that this rate was the lowest one that was witnessed in the past 45 years. This gave an even bigger free energy for the people to invest as much as they possible could.Then, another factor was introduced in

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of conventional 35mm single Essay

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of conventional 35mm single lens reflex cameras to other film formats and type of image - look for ExampleTo shed some light on this topic, the pros and cons of a 35 mm SLR over other film formats and image capturing systems have been detailed in this article. What is an SLR An SLR or Single Lens Reflex camera is angiotensin converting enzyme that has a reflex mirror which allows the user to directly view the image world conjecture through the lens of the camera (Rowse2007). In simpler words, unlike other cameras which have a covering system different from the lens of the camera, the SLR has only one viewing system and allows the user to see exactly what is being photographed through the viewfinder. SLR or Point and Shoot While deciding which camera one needs to buy, one needs to balance utility with price to choose a camera ideally suited to their needs. Both SLRs and appoint and shoots have their own strengths and weaknesses with resp ect to apiece other. For example, SLRs have much faster shutter speeds than point and shoot cameras. This can duly be adjusted for the film being used and the abundance of light, endowment the photographer multiple options for using high speed films (greater ISO) without risking grainy output in the photographs. Also, there is an intimately negligible time lag between when the shutter is pressed and the film is exposed, giving the photographer a better opportunity of capturing the perfect moment even with a moving subject. Such is not the character reference with point and shoot cameras. Both digital and film P&S cameras have a time lag between when the shutter button is clicked and the sensor or film is exposed. This renders them more or less useless for anything but still photography and memories with orchestrated poses. An SLR allows the user to control almost every expression of photography. He can adjust the light entering through the aperture, the speed of the film, the duration for which the shutter exposes the film, the focus of the image and even the kind of lens being used. Even the best of the point and shoot cameras cant hold a candle to these features. The fact that the SLR allows for interchangeable lenses means that the photographer is ready for almost any kind of shot whether a close up, extreme close up, long or a wide shot. The lack of this feature sorely limits prospects with point and shoots. The quality of optics (lenses) in even the worst SLRs tops that in the best point and shoot cameras. The compatibility of these lenses with other camera bodies means that the investment in the lenses is not wasted if the camera body malfunctions. To upgrade, the photographer only needs to change the camera body, which itself is extremely durable compared to a point and shoot. However, an SLR also has certain limitations. one extremely limiting factor is the price of an SLR camera which is many times that of a point and shoot camera. some other prohibiting factor is the size and slant of SLR cameras. The weight of an SLR camera along with its lens kit, filters, flash apparatus and tripod can make it pretty inconvenient to carry around and also, an SLR requires considerable setup time for the perfect shot to be taken. A point and shoot can be fit into the users pocket, whipped out when needed and is ready to capture images. Another issue with SLRs is maintenance. Considering that the SLR is

Frankfurt Thesis presented on Bullshit, Why is this of Particular Essay

Frankfurt Thesis presented on Bullshit, Why is this of Particular immenseness to Public Affairs - Essay ExampleAccording to Frankfurt (2005) the thesis is used to help people to develop integrity and honest in any(prenominal) they do. Bullshit if practised to a larger extent make the nation to lag behind in the area of development thereof people bring to avoid such act so that to improve the public affairs of he country . In business such practice is also commonplace where business people cheat their customers to help them make a lot of profit. Government official to some extent have also embraced falsify and in turn it has made people to loose trust for them. Citizens at the rest of the day prefer private firms than governmental since in private sectors the rate of bullshit is low. In courts people use bullshit for them to be in a position to win a case, they hire lawyers whom they believe they are good at making stories hence they fake stories. The person whitethorn be guilt y of a particular crime but because of bullshit they are claimed to be gratis(p) in such cases some people end up suffering since justice is not granted. Frankfurt (2005) states that bullshit is great concern in the country since it may bring it down or take it up in terms of development. Children in most cases practice bullshit to avoid being penalize by their parents. Politicians practice this to help them win the votes especially during elections in most countries. The politicians promise so much good things of which none is accomplished by the end of their time in the leadership. In relationships, bullshit is also practiced especially by the partners who are not faithful to each other one may claim to love another just because of money and not on the basis of true love. This act has been promoted by the use of mobile phones where someone may say he is at a certain yet he is lying. In conclusion bullshit should be discouraged for the country to develop to a greater extent. Som e cultures promote bullshit hence people should be enlightened and warned against such cultures and traditions. Bullshit in most cases is practiced in places where dismal things are done especially during odd hours since this practice should illegal. Children should be brought up in the right manner and discipline given I case they go an extra mile to practice bullshit. Lie down for America the Role of Ideology in Franks Article, Does it Apply to Canadian Politics? Ideologies are assumptions that are uncomplete right nor wrong, in most cases they have both the merits and the demerits for one to put into practice a certain ideology then he should weigh the if the merits outperform the demerits . In several countries like Canada several ideologies have been used in various aspects especially politically, most of the politicians come up with ideologies and convince them citizens to go for them. As much as the ideology may be embraced by some people others may view it as a wrong thin g hence fight against it. In some countries voting is used for an ideology to be put in place, if the majorities are for the ideology then it is put in. Choosing an ideology is unobjective hence one may choose to be against it hence he should not be forced to go for the ideology as much as it may be good and of importance. Frank (2004) states that ideologies have been applied in several sectors in Canada, ideologies such as multiculturalism, peace making and sovereignty dominance were embraced. Ideologies play several roles in the society since it serve as an

Helens mental health Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Helens mental health - Case Study ExampleShe should encourage Helens daughter to give Helen the association of her venerable children at least if possible. Helens daughter can either take her to New Zealand or come back and stay with Helen for the rest of her life if possible. If the above preference does not work, then the nurse should ask Helens daughter to consider sending Helen to some elder care homes. In any case Helen needs the company and assistance of somebody to get rid of her crazy life at present.The primary mission of the social workers is to enhance human well-being and help have-to doe with the basic needs of all people, with a particular focus on the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. (Social Workers Responsibilities) Building relationships with the broken people, ensuring social justice to all etc are some other services which needed to be addressed by the social worker or familiarity nurse in future.

EVALUATING A WEBSITE AS A SOURCE FOR LEARNING HISTORY Essay - 1

EVALUATING A WEBSITE AS A SOURCE FOR LEARNING HISTORY - Essay ExampleHowever, as treasures increased, so did the desire to capture more areas to gain control over the Americans. The reason for choosing this website for analysis is because it provides discipline on Americas history and recommends other resources rich in Americas history. Therefore, this website serves as a good source of learning history due its diverse information, including artifacts and paintings and also other suggested literatures on Americas history.This website is owned by the library of Congress, the world largest library. Through this site, the library provides diverse books, photographs, recordings, maps and many other academic resources for both teachers and students. The information provided in this website gives insights on Americas history, and it is adequately supported by finding of great historians such as Jay Kislak, who amassed a comprehensive collection of materials on antediluvian patriarch Ame rica. In the process of his exploration, Jay acquired rare collection of manuscripts and books that pertained to early America. In this vein, the objective of library of Congress was to avail diverse learning resources to the American people. Therefore, this site seeks to advertise Americas history, creativity and knowledge through both primary and secondary sources to both teachers and learners. Notably, the site has a selection of more than 3,000 rare maps, paintings, documents, prints and artifacts among others.The listening can access information on the early America, including pre-contact America, exploration and encounters and finally aftermath of the encounter through this website. In addition, the site provides more than 3,000 collections of documents, paintings, prints among others. All information accessible through this site is equally useful for a historian, but for this particular paper information on pre-contact, America is of paramount importance. In this regard, th e website provides insights on Americas

Remarriage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Remarriage - Research Paper ExampleThe divorce rate in the United States has been rising. One rough estimate suggests that almost one and only(a)-half of all marriages in the United States result in divorce. But what is worth nonicing is that many people try to find happiness and joy in their lives by getting remarried. One research, on the other hand, points out that people who undergo divorce will not be able to fully recover from the suffering that they face. The shock that people experience and its suggestions on their minds and body is immense and may repair but in the long run will surface one way or the other. People who go through a divorce find it incredibly excruciating to recover from the pain. In many cases, it can not only cripple a person financially, but also makes it tough to socialize. And these effects are apparent in a few individuals even when a person remarries as these instances remain like old scars. The research also pointed out that the people who overhe ar been divorced will be more addicted to develop chronic conditions like health problems, obesity and diabetes and find themselves limited in movement compared to people who are still successfully married. It will be prudent to mention here that research done earlier has pointed out that marriage has been very beneficial to partners in terms of mental, physical and financial aspects. Therefore, by getting remarried men and women who have been divorced may not be able to recuperate from the pain and suffering they underwent from their divorce but they will be able to come back on the track of a healthy and productive life. This will ultimately help the children of the family as they will find the licking that their parents felt vanish and find them more delighted and relaxed compared to when they were single (Park 2009). Remarriages are difficult for those families who have seen marriages dissolved abruptly. When a marriage is dissolved due to the remainder of one partner, it is often very hard to reconsider to remarry, let alone substitute the lost partner. When the family has children, the situation becomes very complex. The reason is that children create bonds with their parents that cannot be slow substituted and also are very hard to replicate. After a parents death, children find themselves becoming defensive, protective and distrustful. In moments like, these jealousy and bitterness in children are often noticed not only against the parvenue person trying to marry their parent but also against their parent as they sense that he or she is betraying their deceased parent. There is also another issue that results in children of mature ages. More research and study has been carried out on remarriages and their implication on children has been focused on smaller ages. But the effect of remarriage on adult children has been to some greater extent ignored. An adult child who has spent a considerable time with their parents is most reclusive and hesitant to greet a new parent into their lives after their parents death. The reason for this conflict is that children have to recognize that there are going to be new boundaries and there will be new traditions. Also they have to accept a new step parent into their house and see them where their own parents would eat or sit. It also brings out the conflict and the challenge to get everyones demands from the family to converge and coexist without any

Research methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research methods - Assignment ExampleOne of the major sources that can lead to in harshness and unreliability in a investigate is the bias of the researcher (Baumgarten 2012). Biases in research ar mainly categorized into weft bias, measurement bias, and analysis bias (CEM- Research -Bias & fuddle n.d.). The present study focuses on learning about the different types on bias in research studies with specific examples for each of the types. Bias and Types of Bias in Research Studies Bias is said to have go alongred in a research when the outcomes of the research are different from the actual results. For example, if a research is focused on determining the risk of a disease and the results of the research reflect consistent overestimation of the risks, then the study can be said to have been establish on bias. Design of a research is largely responsible for a bias and bias in general presents error in the same means for a repeated number of the experiments for a particular resea rch sample and work (World Health Organization 2001). Thus biases need to be reduced in order to produce a reliable and valid research. Types of Bias with Examples Selection Bias Selection bias is defined as the bias when some participants are favored and selected over others while sampling is conducted and the research outcomes are based on experiments conducted on such samples, thereby affecting the external validity of the research (Gravetter and Forzano 2010). It is also referred to as sampling bias. As a result of such bias, the outcome of the research reflects a systematic difference between those subjects that are include and those that are not. Thus either the results are underestimated or overestimated in terms of their statistics, rates, and ratios (Peat, Mellis and Williams 2002). This means that the study cannot be considered as reliable for use. Moreover, with different outcomes than the actual results, the validity of the research also gets reduced. An example of selec tion bias in research is a comparison of patients in one hospital where a new shock dressing method is applied on them, with patients of another hospital who are offered the standard method of treatment. In such a case the possibility of selection bias is significantly high since different patients in different hospitals differ in their social and biological characteristics. Thus such a research is overt to selection bias (Stommel and Wills 2004). Allocation bias is a type of selection bias that occurs when there is a difference in the characteristics of the different samples put in different trial groups of a particular research experiment, and has significant influence on the outcomes of the research (Peat, Mellis and Williams 2002). Measurement Bias Measurement bias is defined as the bias that occurs when biases or errors occur in the process of measurement and calculations of the data based on which the results are obtained. Such biases can result from erroneous tools of measur ement, errors in calculations, errors while measurements are recorded, participant bias, recall bias, and so on (Howlett, Rogo and Shelton 2013). For example, if dietary recalls are considered for a 24 hours time period, then measurement biases can occur with the methods of the interview, the assumptions of coding, or

Why Civil Forfeiture in Law Enforcement is an Effective Tool Essay

Why Civil Forfeiture in Law Enforcement is an Effective Tool - sample Exampleis administered towards more rehabilitative efforts of reforming the criminals and integrating them back into society made it necessary they are given the means to get back on their feet. A modern version of this concept is not directed at an individual criminal but more on the execration syndicates by depriving them of their ill-gotten gains and ante up victims (Young 1).There are two kinds of forfeitures being carried out today criminal and polite cases. In the first case, criminal forfeitures are the result of a tap settlement or a judicial award in that the convicted criminal is punished by taking away the assets after a conviction. In civil cases, the government files suit to recover a post item but not against the propertys owner. The owner himself is reduced to being a third-party claimant who has to prove the money apply to buy or acquire the property came from legal or legitimate sources. The objectives of the new civil forfeiture laws are two-fold deprive the criminals of the facilities and properties they use to commit their crime or furtherance of their criminal activities and use the proceeds of these seized properties to support law enforcement, such as hiring more cops or increasing a budget. An order for a civil forfeiture recovery case does not require a prior criminal conviction. The whole intent is to disable criminals from eventually resuming the activities (Edgeworth xxii).The only fatality for filing a forfeiture case is probable cause a certain property is being used in criminal activities. A property owner, on the other hand, has to prove otherwise through a preponderance of evidence that it was acquired using legitimate sources of income. The new laws today reversed the situation in that it is now the government that has to prove it using a preponderance of evidence instead of the previous probable cause only that can be a source of abuse of power and a rbitrariness on the part of law enforcement agencies. In other words, the

Job opportunity in bioinformatics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Job opportunity in bioinformatics - Term Paper ExampleBioinformatics is, therefore, an extensive field with galore(postnominal) job opportunities both directly and indirectly linked to it. This paper presents some of the employment opportunities.The first job opportunity that bioinformatics presents are succession analytic thinking. Sequence analysis was first done in 1977 when the phage -X174 was sequenced. The job involves decoding DNA sequences and storing the information in databases. The sequence analysts then analyze the data to find come in the genes that code for proteins and other structures in the sample. This has led to the discovery that comparing the genes within organisms of the same species, or different species reveal similarities in the functionality of their proteins. However, the growing amounts of data, means that it is no longer possible to analyze DNA sequences manually. Sequence analysts have, therefore, developed software that search the genome of millions of organisms, consisting of billions of nucleotides in databases (Levine 4). The programs can make up for mutations in DNA sequences, so that they can determine related but identical sequences. A variation of the sequence alignment is used in the sequencing process. The shotgun sequencing technique gives the series of thousands of low-toned DNA structures. It produces the sequence data quickly but does not assemble the fragments quite fast for complicated genomes. Another job area of bioinformatics in sequence analysis is in the automatic search for genes and regulatory sequences within genomes. However, nucleotides found in genomes are not all genes. Bioinformatics is vital in bridging the gap between genome and proteome projects like in using DNA sequences for identifying proteins (Levine 5).Bioinformatics knowledge is required for a job in genome annotation. Genome annotation is the process of marking the genes and the other biological features in DNA sequences. Owen White desi gned the first

North Korea Essay Essay Example for Free

North Korea Essay EssayImagine how life would be like if you lived in North Korea. A expanse so isolated and cut off from the rest of the world. Even after many a(prenominal) decades from the war, North Korea and the States have never truly been friends. North Korea holds America responsible for dividing their country into North and South. However in that location are many similarities and differences between America and North Korea.America is very different from North Korea. opus we have a Constitution with a Bill of Rights, amendments and basic freedoms, they must follow whatever their drawing card says with no exceptions. Even though North Korea has a constitution and amendments, the leader still controls all of the country. American citizens are able to vote for their countries leader unlike North Korea, in which where the son of the leader takes his pay backs place with ruling the country. So, only one man rules North Korea and all decisions are made by him. Distinct from North Korea, where sight feignt have the due process of law, Americans have the right to try to prove that they are not guilty. North Koreans are brought up to love their leader and arent allowed to believe in anything else. For them, their leader is the greatest and he is always right.On the other hand, Americans are allowed to believe in whatever religion they engage is right for them. American citizens are all granted equal protection unlike North Korea where only high-ranking officials are provided with those same basic protections. Also, there is no Internet, and cell phones are banned from the country, which block the people from communicating with the rest of the world. Most Americans are provided with basic needs, but in North Korea, a lot of people (child or adult) go blind because they dont have those basic needs. Lastly, because hospitals and medical care in North Korea is so bad, many people dont get the treatment that they desperately need. Thankfully, in the U. S., we have good Medicare and trained doctors who are able to cure people every(prenominal) day.American rights also have many similarities to those of North Korean citizen. Both countries have very strong militaries. We similarly strive to become independent countries. The people in America and North Korea have responsibilities, duties, and limited rights. For example like paying taxes and respecting the leader/president. Even though the strictness of thesethree elements may variety in each country, people in both countries still have to do these things.Although America is a democratic country and North Korea is a theocracy, they both have a strong government system. North Korea is ruled by Kim Jon Sun, our government has three branches and a president. Citizens of America are required to have a passport to travel to other countries, which is a lot like how North Koreans are needed to have documentation in send to go to different places in their country.There are certainly more differences than similarities between America and North Korea. Living in North Korea would most unimpeachably not be easy. So many things are available to us in the U.S. that wouldnt be available to us in North Korea. American citizens have fair rights and can believe in whatever they want. We are able to travel to other countries and live according to our rules. Over looking all of the pros and cons of both countries, America would undeniably be an easier and more unrestricted country to live in.

Letter Assignment Essay Example for Free

Letter Assignment EssayDear Mr. SteinfattI would like to respectfully request for a earn of recommendation to help support my application for a part-time job as a Financial Advisor. It would be an enormous benefit on my part because I am a foreign student and I have yet to obtain my degree. I am currently a petty(prenominal) majoring in Finance and International Business in (state your university).I have been your student online in the course (pls supply the course name) beginning (state the date when you started the course). I find the lessons truly(prenominal) useful and enjoyable at the same time, and definitely beneficial in the career path I am going to take. I really appreciate how approachable and helpful you have been, patiently and promptly answering all my questions. It has truly been enlightening, and I am very much pleasant to you.I have stated in my resume that (cite anything you would like from your resume, something impressive or will help you get the job). I am a very organized and determined worker, greatly persevering, and cooperative. I am also extremely adaptable and quite a fast learner.Carmen Adriana HalabiMay 21, 2010You may address your letter to (name and title of person you would like the letter to be mailed to) preferably before (give reasonable deadline), if it is agreeable with you. I have enclosed a preaddressed stamped envelope for your convenience.You may contact me through the details I have provided (if you indicated them above. If not, you may state them here) in case you wish to discuss this matter further. Thank you very much for your kind assistance. It is genuinely appreciated.Sincerely, Carmen Adriana HalabiWorks Cited Courtland, L.B., John, V.T. Completing Business Messages. In D. Parker, R. Butera, M. Boos (Eds.), Business Communication Essentials (3rd ed., pp. 165- 167). Upper Saddle River Pearson Prentice Hall. 2007.Niznik, J. Steven. Websters Secretarial Handbook, game Edition. 2000. Sample Business Le tters. 21 May 2010http//jobsearchtech.about.com/od/letters/l/bl_block_p.htm.

Team assignment Essay Example for Free

Team assignment EssayJohnDescribe which argona you chose urban, suburban, or rural.Describe the local form of government and identify the major pick out officials of your selected area.Rural AreaA Rural area is a geographic area located outside of cities or towns. It is also classified as cover all population, housing, territory not included within an urban area. Rural areas have a low population density and small settlements.Local governments are structured in accordance with the laws of the various individual states. Each state has at least two separate tiers of government counties and municipalities. Some states are separate even further into townships. The different types of local reflect the levels of population density examples include city, town, borough and village. Some of the major elected officials are city council, town board, or board of aldermen.GinoIdentify the major ordinary policy issues, current events, and challenges this government faces and analyze one i n depth. Discuss how the state government is addressing the issue you selected. study public policy issue Gay Lesbian marriage -many people versus the state law suits are now being heard at the compulsory Court. Congress is in a current session to create or deny their rights to be married.Challenge government faces today segregation between parties disused world mentality loose financial spending unreasonable government control over state lawsCurrentEvent Gun Control -multitude public shootings have outraged the nation as congress re-evaluates the nations right to bear arms. What kinds of arms are allowed and which should be illegalized.Tyler + putting togetherPower point endure realistic solutions to the public policy issues, current events, and challenges this government faces.One of the biggest public issues I see currently is gun control.Stricter background checksRegulate magazine subject matter

Impacts of Mergers Acquisitions on Shareholder Wealth

Impacts of Mergers Acquisitions on Sh argonholder WealthThis dissertation attempts to investigate, the impact of Mergers Acquisition (MA) on partake inholder riches in the European banking indus deliver from 2003-2007 and let offs in depth detail of the literature reviewed by the precedent to provide the basis of the successful transaction of the project. MA has been a popular re reckon topic in finance with broad literature exists on MA. For this review to be achievable, a broad search for info was undertaken by means of the internet and library. The research question ordain examine the wealth effects ( antidromic returns) of MA involving European banks using event read regularityology everywhere the period of 2003-2007 in both the announcement period and yen run post acquisition period. In other words, can MA improves or destroy shareholder wealth of the signs, bidders and combined households.1.2 IntroductionThe decade of 1990 saw the biggest growing in European MA activity. Merger Acquisitions (MA) suffer been a prodigious phenomenon in the Europe. and the world economy which symbolizes one of the most essential strategic decisions made by fudgers and shareholders of the engaged firm. Sudarsanam (2003,para1,p.1) argues shareholders and managers may be the most authorised stakeholders in MA but other groups such as workers, competitors, lenders, customers all have a collective interest in this activity.MA may be undertaken in order to replace an inefficient management, but sometimes cardinal businesses may be more valuable unitedly than apart. Motivation stinker the nuclear fusions is to tap the shareholders wealth. However, harmonise to Jensen and Ruback (1983) and Sirower and Obyrne (1998), in almost two third of cases, coalitions mature wealth gains for target shareholders and more or less zero gains to acquirers. Various studies have found that, usually the announcement of bank nuclear fusion reactions neither create nor de stroy shareholders value Pilloff and Santomero (1998). Also, some studies indicates that the announcement of certain types of bank mergers do create value, if that merger reduce personifys.Berger, Demsetz, Strahan (1999) identified five fundamental dynamic factors that motivate corporate coups i.e. an increase of globalization, technological progress, financial deregulation, changes in customer demand and the integration of financial markets. Arnold (2005, para2, p.1041), destined mergers as the compounding of two business entities under common stimulateership whereas Bruner (2005) states it as consolidation of two firms that creates a new entity in the eyeball of the law.According to Investorwords.com acquisition is a acquiring control of a corporation, called a target, by ocellus purchase or exchange, either remote or well-disposed which similarly be called takeover. E.g. in October 2007, Royal bank of Scotland (RBS) merged with Dutch bank ABN Amro to clinch Europes b iggest ever banking takeover with 86% of ABN Amros shareholders accepting a 71bn euro (Ft.com). Bruner (2005) argues takeover activities are strategic transactions that could turn out to be an excellent investment of capital and resources.1.3Merger wavesNowadays, MA is well known fact that comes in waves according to evidence from Bruner (2005), Gorton, Kahl Rosen (2005), Martynova Renneboog (2006). Five individual merger waves were observed in the UK economy in the last century i.e. 1900s, the 1960s, the 1970s, the 1980s and the 1990s. (Kastrinaki, Stoneman 2007)Brankman, Garretsen, Van Marrewijk (2008) argues that, in terms of stinting importance, the dominant merger wave unpredictable is the positive global outcome, suggesting that MA waves are an economy wide global phenomenon. The wave of bank mergers has been established to explain the diverse theories e.g. the efficiency hypothesis expect that mergers improve efficiency and help poor banks to survive as competition becomes increasingly rigorous in the banking application. Gugler, Mueller, Yurtoglu (2004) finds that merger waves can be implicit if one identify that MA do non boost efficiency and doesnt increase shareholders wealth but instead sited that MA waves are best come a treat as the answer of overvalued shares and managerial opinion.1.4Why do MA occur?In various European countries, mergers have allowed banks to increase efficiency by assisting the coordination of the closing of branches. margins shareholders and managers need to recognize the potential sources of sparing gain emerged from MA. Banks can reduce salutes and increase value in dissimilar ways e.g. diversification. I.e. if mergers generate cost synergies such as economies of photographic plate, banks can reduce expenses.According to evidence from Berkovitch Narayanan (1993), Sudarsanam, Holl Salami (1996), Hannan Pilloff (2006), Martynova Renneboog (2006), the motives for MA have been categorised into the three main groups i.e. economic motive or synergy, managerial or agency problems and hubris. The actual distribution of merger gains between target and bidder shareholders will depend on their individual negotiating strengths. Therefore, pursual table shows the impact of mergers on shareholders wealthMerger MotiveTotal GainsTarget GainsBidder GainsSynergy+++Agency problems+Hubris0+1.4.1 Synergy MotiveThe first lynchpin group that accounts for MA is an economic or synergy motive which means that two companies can achieve together which they cant achieve single-handedly. Siems (1996) argued that synergy possibleness projected that the acquiring bank can efficiently create synergies via economies of scurf and scope by reducing cost and eliminating redundancies and duplication.Economies of scale occurs when the average unit cost of production declines as volume increases e.g. banking mergers in the UK of Bank of Scotland and Halifax of 30bn merger in May 2001, to create HBOS fifth major force in UK banking sector. The idea was that the Bank of Scotland was operating in north of the country and Halifax was in south by merging these two banks, were trying to reduce cost of processing banking transactions. Economies of scope occurs when the cost of producing several products in a multi product firm is rase than the cost of producing the same products by individual firms e.g. Banc assurance model, British banking and issuance giant Lloyds TSB acquired Scots Widows in June 1999 for 7bn.Sudarsanam et al (1996) identified the sources of value creation into three main types i.e. operational synergy, managerial synergy and financial synergy. Operational synergy occurs during the recognition of economies of scale and scope, vertical integration, the elimination of duplicate activities, the transfer of knowledge or skills by the bidders management team and a reduction in agency costs by bringing organization precise assets underneath common ownership (Ravenscraft Scherer 1987, 1989 ci ted in Martynova Renneboog 2006).Sources of value in vertical mergers includes reducing transaction costs in which combining different stages of the production chain can reduce costs of communication and bargaining i.e. one orders output is other companys input and by putting together will make the business efficient. E.g. Microsoft bid for Yahoo in January 2008, worth $42bn that will create more powerful browser or have a better chance of tackling the internet search leader. Having said that, current trends towards outsourcing suggest that, the benefits from vertical mergers are limited. According to Martynova Renneboog (2006), establishments of operating synergies reduce production distribution costs and yielding an incremental currency flow accruing to the companys post-merger shareholders.Sudarsanam et al (1996) argues managerial synergy could occur if the bidder has a competent managerial team and takes over a target with fewer competent managers. Such takeover is discipli nary and likely to improve the wealth gain for both bidder and target shareholders. Having said that, there is a prominent risk of agency problems where the managers do non operate in the interest of shareholders.Martynova Renneboog (2006) argues that diversifying takeovers are likely to gain from financial synergies in which financial synergies may moderate improved cash flow st cogency, cheaper access to capital, an internal capital market as well as contracting efficiencies created by a reduction in managers employment risk. Conglomerate mergers allow risk diversification by spreading the income stream of the holding company over a wide variety of products and markets. Sudarsanam et al (1996) finds that financial synergy materialize from three likely sources i.e. the tax advantage of unused debt, the growth opportunities and financial resources of the emerging companies and the coinsurance of debt of the two companies which resolution in lower costs of capital.1.4.2 Agency f actor The second main motive for MA is managerial or agency factor. Shareholders are Principals i.e. owners of companys assets and managers are employed as shareholders Agents to manage these assets on their behalf. Managers should make decisions that are consistent with the objective of maximize the shareholder wealth, but managers do not share this objective necessarily. Managers will have their own personal objectives which will be mainly concerned with maximizing their own welfare (Sudarsanam et al 1996). Therefore, managerial decisions in acquisitions may result in ingredient costs that reduce the total value of the joint firm as they do not maximise but weaken shareholders return.Berger, Demsetz, Strahan (1999) argues that one managerial invention may be empire-building. Executive compensation leads to increase with companys size, so managers may wish to accomplish personal financial gains by engaging in MA, although at least in part the higher(prenominal) observed compensa tion of the managers of larger institutions rewards greater skill and effort. To protect their firm-specific human capital, some managers may also try to reduce insolvency risk below the level i.e. in shareholders interest possibly by diversifying risk through MA movement. Arnold (2005) observes that the managers may enjoy the thrill of the merger process itself and as a result push for such cumuluss to take place.1.4.3 Hubris The third and final main motive for MA is Hubris which was specified by Richard rolling wave in 1986. Arnold (2005, para2, p.1055), define hubris as over weaning self confidence or, less kindly, arrogance. The hubris hypothesis states that the valuation of target by the bidder management is over bullish and per se the bidding firms management overpays for the target. This perhaps for a number of bases such as decisions makers believing themselves, that the value exists when it does not or that their valuation is correct and that the market is not shimmering the full economic value of the combined firm. These managers may perhaps be overconfident or have misplaced faith in their ability to develop the profit performance of the target firm. Berkovitch Narayanan (1993) argues that the hubris maintains that decision makers in the bidding firms simply pay too much for their targets as a result of mistakes in overestimating the value of the targets.1.5 Factors influencing shareholder returnsShareholders returns are not just affected by MA announcements, but they are also influenced by bid characteristics e.g. method of fee, penetrate edge MA, friendly vs. antagonistic bids etc.1.5.1 Method of payment The method of payment is one of the key variables that must be agreed between the emptor and seller to determine the firms kinky returns and overall outcome of the bid. According to Huang and Walkling (1989), The form of payment will influence bidding strategy if it affects the anticipated NPVs of an acquisition. Huang and Walkling found that when method of payment and degree of conflict were taken into account statistically, unnatural returns were no higher in tender offers than in mergers. Payment methods can affect NPVs through interrelations with either acquisition cost or the probability of success or both whereas Dube, Glascock Romero (2007) argues that the different stages of benefit growing to the target and acquiring firms shareholders is attributed to the alternative methods of payments.Arnold (2005, para1, p.1059) states that cash payment has been the most popular and most valued method of payment which offers higher return than equity. For example, bidding firm is expected to carry out stock financed merger if the management of bidding firm has better-quality inside information that the existing assets of the firm are overvalued. However, if the bidder firm has confidential information about the target company and trusts it to be undervalued, then it probably offer cash financed merger.Therefore, merg er financed with stocks are a prejudicious communicate because the use of stocks as a method of payment is more likely to occur when the stock is overvalued, while the use of cash is taken as the firm being overvalued. Alternatively, if target shareholders consider that their bank is overvalued, they will prefer to receive cash. This theory is supported by empirical literature and it demonstrates that at the time of the bid announcement acquirers who propose cash, tend to practice higher deviant returns than those who offer stock financed merger.The advantage of cash is that the acquirer shareholders hold the same level of control over their company because their proportion of ownership has not been diluted by giving target shareholders stock options in the merged company. Therefore, the returns to the shareholders of a bidding firm will be higher in cash financed merger than the stock. Brealey, Myers Marcus (2004, para1, p.599) states if cash is offered, the cost of the merger is not affected by the size of the merger gains. And if stock is offered, the cost depends on the gains because the gains show up in the post merger share price, and these shares are used to pay for the acquired firm.1.5.2 Cross border MAThe combination of worldwide financial markets has been going together with, increases in the number and tiny proportion of firms that operate in the global market and the globalization process has been to a rational extent encouraged by cross border MA. According to Brankman, Garretsen, Van Marrewijk (2005, 2008) cross border MA are the main medium for foreign direct investment. MA provides fundamental but also limited understanding of this form of takeover, as cross-border MA are most likely related to economy-wide shocks such as economic integration, changes in the legal and regulatory environment or likely asymmetric business cycles.Based on past empirical evidence, though the majority of the domestic MA create significant wealth gains for the t argets and ostracise or zero returns for bidders, cross border MA could have different impact on related firms. Kang (1993) stated that cross border MA are expected to create more wealth than domestic ones because of existence of market imperfections which leads to guide multinational firms (MNC) having a competitive advantage over local firms. Foreign banks have to act in accordance with with both regulations at home and abroad domestic credit establishments have cost advantages, since fulfilling two diverse sets of regulation enforce additional costs on foreign banks.Also, different regulations reduce the amount of related fixed costs. This decreases the possibility for banks to collect benefits from economies of scale and scope. Economies of scale propose that bank is able to reduce its costs by growing the volume of output of products and services it already produces. As a result of developing into new country, a bank increases its potential client base and benefits from econom ies of scale. According to economies of scope, banks that diversify activities could reduce costs by providing more services.1.5.3 Friendly vs. hostile bidsAnalysis regarding the impact of hostile takeovers has been arguable, varying from the benefits of market discipline for maximizing efficient utilization of resources to the damage of market shortsightedness on the economy, on the baseball club and on value built over years. Dube, Glascock Romero (2007) argues such debates can impact financial marketsand can be expected to expand as developing markets discourteous up to foreign corporations and as economic power is redistributed amongst countries. Hostile takeovers occur, when the management of a firm resists the takeover attempt by bidders. Lambrecht and Myers (2007) state that in some cases a potentially hostile acquirer could be better off negotiating with the target management for a merger and that such a pip reduces the power of the target shareholder to extract value fr om the bidder. Hostile acquisitions also involve swifter and more drastic changes in target. In both friendly and hostile acquisitions, overpayment can arise due to agency reflection of managerial objective maximization by the acquirer management.Goergen and Renneboog (2003) analyzed the market reactions to the different types of takeovers i.e. friendly, hostile and bids with fourfold bidders. They found that hostile bids created the largest abnormal returns for the target i.e. 13% on the announcement day. When a hostile bid is made, the share price of the target straight away(predicate) reflects the expectation that opposition to the bid will guide to upward revisions of the offer price. Various empirical studies have found that the returns to bidders in hostile takeovers are negative resulting in low possibility of success of a hostile bid.1.6 Impact of MA on shareholdersAlmost all of the studies of MA in banking assiduity are based on US data. As we know, one of the main objec tives of mergers is to maximise the shareholders value by the means of increase in dividends and increase in share prices, so the shareholders can enjoy the capital gains. The two most important methods which can be used to assess the impact of MA were explained by Firth in 1980. In the first method, accounting information is used to determine the firms financial performance profitability. The second method believes in efficient market which can be used in share price movements to estimate the economic impact of the event. The second method, direct measures any increase or reduction in shareholders wealth but also experience from the reality that no market is really efficient which results to mislead conclusions due to movement in share price.In this project, author chose the second method i.e. an event study in which the focal point will be on three different sets e.g. the target, the bidder and the impact of MA on combined firm in the long run. Various empirical studies on MA hav e concentrated on establishing stock market reaction just about the announcement of a deal and whether a merger creates value for the shareholders of target and bidding firm.Delong (2001) examined 56 banks between 1991 and 1995, for focusing mergers that create positive abnormal returns whereas diversifying mergers produce negative abnormal returns. DeLong (2001) has point out that upon announcement the market responds positively to mergers that focus both on the activities and geography, which is consistent with Siems (1996). Delong finds that the cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) of target firm has been increased to 14.8% after merger and the bidding firm loose a significant 2.2%, whereas the combined firm neither created nor destroyed the shareholders value. The result also shows that the long term performance is improved when mergers involve inefficient bidders, payment not just made by cash and earnings are not diversified.Cybo ottone and Murgia (2000) analysed 54 largest MA d eals with CARs at +3,41% between 1988 and 1997 on the European banking sector in 14 European markets. They have found that at the time of announcement, there was a positive and an important increase in the market value of the banks engaged in these deals. They have found positive abnormal returns for both buyers and the sellers using the familiar market index in the short period of eleven days, but found negative market reaction to acquiring bank. In other words, European bank mergers generate value for the combined firms including the target and the bidders do not lose. Various studies have shown that in Europe and the USA, target shareholders earn positive abnormal returns from mergers.Cyboottone and Murgia (2000) stated that bidding firm shareholders earn positive abnormal returns in European studies whereas in USA studies bidding firm shareholders earn negative abnormal returns from the mergers. Shareholders of target European banks achieve more than the bidding bank shareholde rs, however, the difference is very tiny indeed. So in other words, we can say that Cyboottone and Murgia (2000) results are not consistent with the USA banking literature which shows that no value creation effects are usually found.Martynova and Renneboog (2006) examined the short term wealth effects of 2,419 European MA announcements between 1993 and 2001 in twenty eight European countries. They found that UK target created higher returns (9%) and UK bidders experienced lower wealth losses (0.5%) in simile to the total European average result. They also identified the share price reaction of bidding firms on a hostile merger i.e. it generated a negative abnormal return of -0.4%, on the other hand, a friendly acquisition created a positive abnormal return of 0.8%. Therefore, Martynova and Renneboog (2006) have concluded that MA do create value for the bidding and the target shareholders in which target shareholders enjoy majority of gains as they collect large premiums.Beitel (200 1) look at 98 large MA of European banks between 1985 and 2000 using the event study in which he found out, the shareholders of the target firm enjoy positive cumulative abnormal returns (CAR), whereas the shareholders of the bidding firm doesnt earn any CARs. However, the combined analysis of bidding and target European bank merger do create the shareholders value significantly. They also notice a change in the results after 1998 that European bidding banks in large deals experienced negative CARs and especially cross border mergers of European banks appeared to have destroyed shareholders value.Table 1 Summary of bank mergers using event studies of previous Abnormal Returns to shareholdersMA studiesSample periodSample sizeEvent WindowTarget CARs (%)Bidder CARs (%)Antoniou, Arbour Zhao (2006)1985-2004396-2 to +217.37-3.32Cybo-ottone Murgia (2000)1988-199754-10 to 016.1Not significantDeLong (2001)1988-1995280-10 to 116.61-1.68Sudarasanam, Holl Salami (1996)1980-1990429-20to+40 da ys29-4Becher (2000)1980-1997553-30 to +522.64-0.1Siems (1996)199519-1 to +113-2Houston Ryngaert (1997)1985-1991184-2 to +220.40-2.40Ismail and Davidson (2005) studied 102 merger announcements in European banking industry between 1987 and 1999. They found positive abnormal returns for targets and the return to bidders differs across the deal type, also the merger deals earn higher returns than acquisition deals. They reported that the high competition in the market and reduction in the profitability in the banking industry in Europe is extending a depressing picture of performance of the future. They also reported low positive abnormal returns to target shareholders compared to other findings in the banking industry in Europe. The reason behind is that the bidder not ready to pay higher premiums in a competitive environment in which level of profits are decreasing. Ismail and Davidson (2005) pointed out that if equity is used as a method of payment instead of cash, then merger deals earn lower returns because of the fact is that equity signal to the market that the equity is overvalued which is consistent with findings of Huang and Walkling (1987).1.7 ConclusionA bank acquires another bank because of number of reasons e.g. diversification, market power, managers preference etc. This literature review looks at the motives of MA based on the past academic studies i.e. Berkovitch Narayanan (1993), Sudarsanam et al (1996), Hannan Pilloff (2006), Martynova Renneboog (2006). Having said that, it is still not clear whether synergy gains or personal quest of managers is behind motivating majority of MAs. Evidence suggests that the managers may use the free cash flow for mergers that may produce negative NPV investments, because managers pursue their own interests rather than those of shareholders, resulting in mergers to not create value for shareholders.Whereas hubris, which supports the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) suggests that any bid for the target at pre mium overpays and it is result of the hubris. Arnold (2005) state it is similar to winners swearword where the highest bidder will bid typically higher than the expected value of the purpose. However, most of the evidence suggests that the target shareholders gain positive abnormal returns while the cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) to the bidders are significantly negative and the combined banking firms seems to improve the shareholders value. Various studies also supports the fact that target shareholders gain at the expense of bidder shareholders and bank mergers do not create value for the combined firm in stock market reaction to bank mergers. Also, evidence shows that shareholders returns are not only affected by the MA announcements but they are also influenced by bid characteristics.2.0 Methodology2.1 Introduction Choosing appropriate research methods are clearly vital. According to Veal (1997) it is important for the researcher to be aware of the range of methods availabl e and not to make claims that cannot be justified on the basis of the methods used. This part of this dissertation gives an outline how information was collected, the sample design statistics and which methodology is used by concentrating on European banking sector mergers between 2003 and 2007. Firstly, we have to decide the philosophy underlying this research, which involves choosing a paradigm. Collis and Hussey, 2003, p. 352 define paradi