Alkaloids Case Study Essay

Alkaloids are the most diverse group of secondary metabolites and over 5000 compounds are known. They are most commonly encountered in the plant kingdom, but representatives have been isolated from most other orders of organisms ranging from fungi to mammals. For years, there has been interest in their pharmacological activities, and for a long time selected plant products (containing alkaloids) have been used as poisons for hunting, murder, euthanasia, a euphoriants, psychedelics, and stimulants (e.g. morphine and cocaine) or as medicines (e.g. ephedrine). Many of our modern drugs now contain the same compound or synthetic analogues, and the pharmacological and toxicological properties of these compounds are thus of immense interest and importance. Almost two centuries have elapsed since Serturner isolated the first organic base clearly recognised as such, a crystalline substance that he obtained from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, and called morphine. The name alkaloid is applied to the members of a class of natural products of basic nature, and is derived from the name â€Å"vegetable alkali† first applied to these substances. They all owe their basic nature to an amino nitrogen. It is more difficult than at first might be supposed to define the term alkaloid. The work was coined in 1818 by Meissner and implies a compound similar to an alkali, referring to the basic properties of this class of substance. Meyer’s Konversations- Lexikon of 1896 states, â€Å"Alkaloids (plant bases) occur characteristically in plants and are frequently distinguished by their remarkable physiological activity. They contain carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen and in most cases oxygen as well; in many cases they resemble the alkalisà ¢â‚¬ . Modern dictionary definitions only differ in minor details from those of the older nontechnical literature. A definition due to Pelletier in 1982 includes cyclic nitrogen- containing molecules which are true secondary metabolites (i.e. of limited occurrence and produced by living organisms. Simple acyclic derivatives of ammonia and simple amines are thus excluded, and the additional requirement, that the nitrogen atom must have a negative oxidation state, excludes nitro and nitroso compounds. As for other natural products, no uniform system of nomenclature has so far been devised for alkaloids. In most cases the name of the alkaloid has been derived from the plant name. Thus, papaverine was called after the Papaver species from which it was isolated. The names cocaine (from Erythoxylum coca) and atropine (from Atropa belladonna) are other examples. Frequently several alkaloids are obtained from the same plant, and the names devised for them will depend on the inspiration of the natural products chemist who isolated them. Alkaloids as a class have interested organic chemists partly on account of their physiological action on the animal organism, and partly on account of the complex structural and synthetical puzzles that they pose. The chemistry of the alkaloids is but a branch of the wide chemistry of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, but the methods by which the structures of individual bases are deduced from degradative evidence and confirmed by total synthesis are typical of the methods applied for these purposes whole field the chemistry of natural products are illustrative of the general fundamental principles of organic chemistry. Structural types Alkaloids are usually classified according to the amino acids (or their derivatives) from which they arise. Thus, the most important classes are derived from the following Amino acids: * Ornithine and Lysine * Aromatic amino acid phenylalanine and tyrosine * Tryptophan and a moiety of mevalonoid origin Also a number of compounds are also derived from: * Anthranilic acid * Nicotinic acid This classification however, fails to include the alkaloids derived from a polyketide or a terpenoid, with the incorporation of a nitrogen atom, ultimately from ammonia. Examples are Conine and batrachotoxin which are often known as ‘pseudoalkaloids’. Other compounds covered by Pelletier’s definition also exist. Examples are the antibiotic cycloserine, mitomycin C, mushroom toxin muscimol and the purine alkaloids such as caffeine. There is another classification of the alkaloids according to the location of the nitrogen atom in certain structural features: 1. Heterocyclic alkaloids 2. Alkaloids with exocyclic nitrogen and aliphatic amines 3. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine alkaloids 4. Peptide alkaloids 5. Terpene and steroidal alkaloids Classifying the whole range of alkaloids according to this system result in them being dividing them up unequally as the great majority fall into the heterocyclis group and the smallest group is the putrescine, spermidine and spermine alkaloids. Occurrence Of the more than 5000 alkaloids known, most occur in flowering plants, although the distribution is far from uniform. Thus, although 40% of all plant families have at least one species containing alkaloids, when the 10000 plant genera are considered, only about 9% of these have been shown to produce alkaloids. Increasing numbers of alkaloids have been isolated from animals, insects, and microorganisms. Although mammalian alkaloids are rare, two examples are (-)-castoramine (a) from the Canadian beaver; and muscopyridine (b) from the musk deer. Both compound have a role in communication as territorial marker substances. Insects produce a variety of structural types which include the 2,6- dialkylpiperidines of the fire ant (c), the tricyclic N-oxides of the ladybird (d) and the quinazolines of the European milliped (e). Tese compounds are used for defence. During the last three decades Marine organisms have been investigated. Amongst the alkaloids are the exceedingly complex Saxitoxin (f) produced by a red coloured dinoflagellate. The ‘red tides’ contain mass aggregations of such organisms, and food poisoning when he toxic alkaloids are passed along the food chain to man. The Japanese puffer fish is highly valued as a culinary delicacy, but it is hazardous because its liver and ovaries contain the highly toxic tetrodotoxin. Fungi also produce alkaloids, and these too, present potential hazards as food contaminants. The ergot alkaloids, for example, Chanoclavine (g) produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, were a frequent soure of misery and death during the Middle Ages through the contamination of rye bread. Some of these were neurotoxic whilst others caused vasocontriction. During the last 40 years most of these non plant alkaloids have been isolated and their structures elucidated. The introduction of modern chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques facilitated this. Isolation Work on the constitution of alkaloids is often prefaced by the problem of their isolation from plant material or from residues after commercially important constituents have been removed. The isolation of each alkaloid is an individual problem there are a variety of procedures which may be entitled to generic rank. There are few plants which produce a single alkaloid so the main problem is the separation of mixtures. Many alkaloids are basic and occur as salts of 2-hydroxybutane-1, 4-dioic acid (malic acid), or of 1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexane (quinic acid). They can thus be extracted into acid solution using aqueous hydrochloric, tartaric, or citric acids. Neutral alkaloids such as colchicines or piperine, which are in fact amides, remain in the organic phase, whilst most other alkaloids are isolated after basification and extraction into ethyl acetate. Steam distillation can be used also be used with low molecular weight alkaloids; but almost invariably sudsequent purification of the crude alkaloid mixtures is effected by chromatography using silica or alumina, and then recrystallisation of the partially purified compounds from solvent systems like aqueous ethanol, methanol/chloroform, or methanol/acetone. Structure elucidation Classical era: The classical era for structural studies on alkaloids was the 19th Century, though this could be extended to the 1930’s (advent of x-ray crystallography) or even to the 1970’s (advent of high resolution NMR facilities and modern methods of mass spectroscopy. Two case histories will be discussed, those of morphine and atropine. Opium has been used by man for thousands of years, so it is not suprising that the major active ingedient, morphine, was the first alkaloid to be isolated in pure state (by Serturner in 1805). It was not until 1923 that Sir Robert Robinson established the stucture of morphine. Chemical evidence for the structure is as follows: Standard showed that the nitrogen atom was fully substituted, and that the phenolic hydroxyl was present as it gave a positive FeCl3 test. Two hydoxyls were present as a diacetate and dibenzoate could be formed. Both compounds contained one olefinic double bond as codeine absorbed one. It was found that a reduced phenanthrene with a two-carbon bridge containing a tertiary nitrogen atom (with methyl as on substituent) was present, and the structure of morphine and codeine were first proposed in 1923 and 1925 respectively by Robinson and Gulland. Synthesis of morphine was carried out in 1956 by Gates. Atropine on the other hand, is not generally a natural product but arises through racemisation of (-)-hyoscyamine (see (a) below) and purification, and is thus ( )-hyoscyamine. (-)-hyoscyamine is the most common tropane alkaloid. In 1833 atropine was isolated from Atropa belladonna. Hydrolysis with warm barium hydroxide solution produced racemic tropic acid and tropine. Degradative studies and then through synthesis found the structure of tropic acid: Exhaustive degradation of tropine, carried out by Willstlter between 1985 and 1901, provided evidence for the bicyclic structure of tropine. The most widely used process in degradative studies of alaloids is exhaustive methylation, known as Hofmann degradeation. . This involves the pyrolysis of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide to form and olefin an a tertiary base: To ensure the complete removal of the nitrogen atom when it constitutes part of a ring, two degrdations must be carried out. When exhaustive methylation of of cyclic compounds might be expected to give 1,4-dienes, the alkaline conditions of the reaction may result in the migration of one of the double bonds to give a 1,3-diene. For example, the exhaustive methylation of N-methylpiperidine gives 1,3-pentadiene (piperylene) and not 1,4-pentadiene. The diene is then easily hydrogenated to form a saturated hydrocarbon. If Hofmann degradation fails to bring about ring fission of cyclic amines, Emde degradation, invoving catalytic reduction of a quaternary salt by sodium amalgam or sodium in liquid ammonia, may be applied. For example, attempted Hofmann degradation of N-methyltetrahydroquinoline methoxide results in regeneration of the parent base, while Emde reduction with sodium amalgam affords the ring-opened amine. Alkaloids containing diphenyl ether linkages, for example, bis-benzylisoquinoline, are cleaved into two fragments by reduction with sodium in liquid ammonia. For example, the structure of the alkaloid dauricine was established by reductive cleavage of O-methyl-dauricine. Modern era: During the last 30 years, structure elucidation has benn facilitated by the use of mass spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C NMR techniques. It is now possible to determine the structure in days with a few milligrams or less of pure compound. It took 118 years to determine the structure of morphine. The mass spectrum data for morphine is highly informative and is shown below and would have helped enormously years ago. Once the structure of an alkaloid is known, partial or total synthesis can be attempted. Biosynthesis It is possible to determine the amino acid from which an alkaloid is derived just by looking at the structure. Before availability of radio-isotopes 14C and tritium, and more recently the stable isotopes 13C and 15N it was only possible to speculate about the likely biosynthetic pathways. This was sometimes successful as for example, the suggested pathway to the isoquinoline alkaloid is as follows: It is possible to divide the biosynthesis of the alkaloids into two categories according to whether products are obtained from the amino acids ornithine and lysine, or the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan. Alkaloids derived from ornithine and lysine: Pyrrolidine alkaloids – hygrine, cocaine, tropinone, hyoscyamine etc Piperidine alkaoids – piperine, (-)-lobeline etc Quinolizidine alkaloids – sparteine, cytosine, (-)-lupinine etc Pyridine alkaloids – nicotine, anabasine, anatabine etc Alkaloids derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine: Monocyclic compounds – hordenine etc Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids – morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine (narcotine), papaverine, heroin etc Alkaloids derived from tryptophan: Simple indole derivatives: psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, physostigmine etc Complex indole derivatives : harmaline, echinulin, ergonovine etc No class of naturally occurring organic substances shows such an enormous range of structures as the alkaloids with over 5000 known. It would be impossible to discuss each one of these within the time limit. Therefore, this project is concerned with the following alkaloids: Morphine ( including codeine and heroin), Cocaine, Nicotine and Caffeine (including theophylline). These alkaloids are present in enormous quantities in the world and seem appropriate to be discussed due to the current interest in their effects particularly when used illegally. They are some of the most well known alkaloids. Morphine (Codeine and Heroin) When the unripe seed capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is cut or pricked, a viscous liquid is exuded. After the exudates dries and darkens with exposure to air, a hard but still partly sticky mass is obtained. This is opium, which has been used for many centuries by some for medicinal purposes. Opium is important as a painkilling drug in its own right, but is also the source of other analgesic drugs such as morphine and heroin. Mankind had discovered the use of opium by the time of the earliest written records. In fact, the first recorded use of opium as a painkiller was around 6000 years ago by the Sumerians, and the Babylonian and Egyptian writings contain many references to the value of opium preparations for the relief of pain. Thomas Sydenham, the 17th Century pioneer of English medicine wrote, â€Å"Among the remedies which it has pleased Almighty God to give to man to relieve its sufferings, none is so universal and so efficacious as opium†. Nowadays, alt hough opium is no longer regareded as a universal analgesic, it is still a very important source of morphine. The pharmacologically active constituents of opium have been employed in medicine for many thousand of years. During the 19th century these constituents were isolated as pure chemical entities. Morphine is a naturally occurring substance and is the major constituent of opium, constituting about 10% (sometimes up to 20%) of its weight. Morphine was first isolated in 1805 by Friedrich Sertrner. However, its basic structure was not correctly determined until 120 years later. Morphine provides symptomatic relief of moderately severe to severe pain. Morphine acts as an anesthetic without decreasing consciousness, and it is one of the most powerful analgesics known. However, it also suppresses the repiratory system, and high doses can cause death by respiratory failure. Its analgesic properties are related to the ability of the molecule to fit into and block a specific sit on a nerve cell. This eliminates the action of the pain receptor Cocaine Cocaine is obtained from coca leaves (Erythryloxum coca) and has the formula C17H23O4N and a molecular weight of 303.39. The anaesthetic properties of cocaine were first recognised by Koller in 1882, but it has now been largely replaced in the clinic by synthetic analogues due to its widespread abuse as a narcotic. It is, however, still much used as a stimulant by Andean Indians. After chewing the leaves, they are easily fatigued and can go on for long periods without food. Cocaine is shipped and sold in the form of the water-soluble hydrochloride salt, which may be ingested through the nasal passages by ‘snorting’ orally and intravenously. There are severe physical and psychological side effects of the drug, such as brain seizures, respiratory collapse, heart attack, paranoia, and depression. Cocaine may be hydrolysed by acids or alkalis to methyl alcohol, benzoic acid, and (-)-ecgonine, C9H15O3 N; only partial hydrolysis, to benzoyl- (-)-ecgonine, C16 H19O4 N, and methyl alcohol when the alkaloid is boiled with water. Cocaine can be regarded as being derived from ornithine. Willsttter worked on a tortuous synthesis (of about 20 steps) of tropinone between 1900 and 1903, but in 1917 Robinson reported his ‘one-pot’ synthesis and also provided what was probably the first example of a formal retrosynthetic analysis. He stated: ‘By imaginary hydrolysis at the points indicated by the dotted lines, the substance may be resolved into succinaldehyde, methylamine and acetone’. The yield of this reaction was poor but Schpf and Lehmann reported optimised conditions (buffered solution at pH5 and 25C) which allowed 85% yield. A variety of mechanisms are possible and the one shown below envisages a reaction between the enol form of acetone dicarboxylate and the condensation product from succinaldehyde and methylamine. Willsttter made his own contributions based on this type of chemistry, and completed simple synthesis of tropinone in 1921 and a synthesis of cocaine in 1923. The synthesis of cocaine is as follows: A Robinson- type reaction yielded the expected azabicyclo structure but with a fortuitous axial stereochemistry for the carbomethoxyl group. Racemic cocaine was formed after separation of the diastereoisomeric products on the reduction of the ketone and benzoylation of the mixture of alcohols. An important aspect of Robinson’s route is that it represented the first biomimetic synthesis of an alkaloid. He provided inspiration for others to consider possible biosynthetic pathways, before planning their synthetic routes to alkaloids. Nicotine Nicotine, present in dried tobacco leaves of the plant nicotiana tabacum in 2-8% concentration, is the active ingredient in cigarettes and other tobacco products. The reason tobacco is used by so many people is because it contains this powerful drug nicotine. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine is absorbed by the lungs and quickly moves into the bloodstream, where it is circulated throughout the brain. All of this happens very rapidly. In fact, nicotine reaches the brain within 8 seconds after someone inhales tobacco smoke. Nicotine can also enter the blood stream through the mucous membranes that line the mouth or nose, or even through the skin. Smoking and chewing tobacco have been connected to heart and lung disease and cancer, mainly a result of the presence of carcinogens, carbon monoxide and other toxins. Nicotine affects the entire body. Nicotine acts directly on the heart to change heart rate and blood pressure. It also acts on the nerves that control respiration to change breathing patterns. In high concentration, nicotine is deadly. In fact, one drop of purified nicotine on the tongue will kill a person. It’s so lethal that it has been used as a pesticide for centuries. So why do people smoke? The mode of action of nicotine is complex. Ingestion of the molecule may stimulate or calm the user and it may affect his or her mood, appetite, and cognition. There appears to be little doubt that nicotine is an addictive drug, and the debate about how to regulate its availability is ongoing. Nicotine is part of the pyridine alkaloids and is the chief alkaloid of tobacco. It can therefore be classed as a tobacco alkaloid. Nicotine has the empirical formula C10 H14 N2, a molecular weight of 162.26 and was first observed by Vanquelin in 1809 and isolated 19 years later by Posselt and Reimann. Its structure is as follows: It is a colourless liquid with a boiling point of 246.1-246.2C and is miscible in all proportions with water below 60 and above 210. It is less soluble between these temperatures. When oxidised with chromic acid it yields an amino acid, C6H5O2N, which may be decarboxylated to pyridine–carboxylic acid. Nicotine is therefore a 3-substituted pyridine and that the substituent is a saturated group containing five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The alkaloid forms a crystalline addition compound with zinc chloride, and when this is heated with lime pyridine, pyrrole and methylamine are obtained, suggesting that the structure be as above (1). This was supported by the degradation of the alkaloid to N-methylproline (1) to (5) (below), the oxidation of dibromocotinine (6) to nicotinc acid, malonic acid and methylamine (6) to (7). Also, by the reductive hydrolysis of bromocotinine to methylamine and the dihydroxy-acid (8). The structure of nicotine was finally confirmed by synthesis. Three syntheses of nicotine have been recorded. The first was based on the discovery that N-acetylpyrrole is transformed by heat to C-acetylpyrrole shown to be ?-acetylpyrrole. Pictet and Crepieux applied this reaction to N- pyridylpyrrole (3) (below) obtained by the reaction of -aminopyridine1 with mucic acid (2). The compound 31- pyridyl-2-pyrrole (4) was formed. An attempt to methylate the pyrrole nitrogen by heating the potassium derivative with yielded (5) (methiodide of 31- pyridyl-N-methyl-2-pyrrole). Distillation of this with calcium oxide gave nicotyrine (6). Selective hydrogenation of the pyrrole nucleus with a palladium-carbon catalyst converted nicotyrine (6) to nicotine with about a 25% yield. PICTET’S SYNTHESIS: Pictet’s classical synthesis involves two steps at high temperatures, one of which is a rearrangement. It cannot therefore be regarded as unambiguous. However, a second synthesis by Spth and Bretschneider involves no rearrangement at high temperature and are thus structurally specific. SPATH’S SYNTHESIS: (1) (Above) was converted into (2) via electrolytic reduction, which on treatment with potassium and methyl sulphate gave (3) (N-methylpyrrolidone). Ethyl nicotinate was then condensed with (3) in the presence of sodium ethanoate and the resulting -pyridyl-1- -(N1 – methyl-?1- pyrrolidonyl) – ketone (4) was hydrolysed with fuming hydrochloric acid at 130. The derived amino ketone (5) was reduced with zinc and sodium hydroxide to the corresponding alcohol (6), which was converted to nicotine on treatment with hydrogen iodide and potassium hydroxide. A third synthesis of nicotine by Craig was also carried out: CRAIG’S SYNTHESIS: Nicotinonitrile (1) (above) was reacted with ?- ethoxypropylmagnesium bromide. The product of the reaction (2) (3-pyridyl-?-ethoxypropylketone) formed an oxime (3), which was reduced to an amino derivative (4). On heating to 150-155 with 48% hydrobromic acid this was converted to nornicotine (5), which in turn was methylated to nicotine. The pyridine ring in nicotine is derived from nicotine acid, which itself is derived from aspartic acid and glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate: The remaining steps en route to nicotine are shown below: Caffeine The purine system occurs widely in nature. Two purines, adenine and guanine, are constituents of the nucleic acids; adenine is a component of coenzymes I and II, of flavin adenine dinucleotide and of adenosine with 3 distinguished compounds: caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. They are physiologically active constituents of coffee, cocoa, and tea. The compounds have different biochemical effects, and are present in different ratios in different plant sources. These compounds are very similar and differ only by the presence of methyl groups in two positions of chemical structure as shown below: They are easily oxidised to uric acid and other methyluric acids, which are also similar in chemical stucture. CAFFEINE – 1,3,7- trimethylxanthine SOURCES – Coffee, tea, cola nuts, mate, guarana EFFECTS – Stimulant of the central nervous system, cardiac muscle and respiratory system, diuretic, delays fatigue. THEOPHYLLINE – 1,3 – dimethylxanthine SOURCES – Tea EFFECTS – Cardiac stimulant, smooth muscle relaxant, diuretic, vasodilator. THEOBROMINE – 3,7- dimethylxanthine SOURCES – Principle alkaloid of the cocoa bean (1.5-3%), cola nuts and tea. EFFECTS – Diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, cardiac stimulant, vasodilator. Theophylline has a stronger effect on heart and breathing than caffeine. For this reason it is the drug of choice in home remedies for treating asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. Theophylline found in medicine is made from extracts from coffee or tea. Theobromine is weaker than caffeine and theophylline – has one tenth of the stimulating effect. When isolated in pure form, caffeine is a white crystalline powder that tastes very bitter. Recreationally, it is used to provide a ‘boost in energy’ or a feeling of heightened alterness. It’s often used to stay awake longer. Caffeine inhibits the action of an enzyme, phosphodiesterase, whose job it is to inactive a molecule called cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Cyclic -AMP is involved in the formation of glucose in the bloodstream. Deactivation of phosphodiesterase by caffeine frees cyclic – AMP to do its job, more glucose appears, and we feel more energetic. Caffeine is an addictive drug. Among its many actions it operates using the same mechanisms that amphetamines, cocaine and heroin use to stimulate the brain. Caffeine’s effects are milder but it is manipulating the same channels and that it is one of the things that give caffeine its addictive qualities. It is one of the most widely used drugs. More than 90% of the population Britain consume it everyday and its long-term effects are of current interest. Purines are usually synthesised by Traube’s method in which a 4, 5 – diaminopyrimidine is treated with formic acid or, better, sodium dithioformate.4, 5- diaminopyrimidines are themselves obtained from 4- aminopyrimidines by nitrosation followed by reduction or via diazonium coupling of activated methylene compounds followed by cyclisation and reduction. Two examples are as follows: Uric acid (an 8-Hydroxypurine) are made using ethyl chloroformate in place of formic acid: Uric acid is then the starting material for other purines: Summary The term alkaloid refers to any Nitrogen containing compound extracted from plants, although the word is used loosely and some compounds of non-plant origin are also commonly known as alkaloids. The name is derived from their characteristic basic properties (alkali-like), which are induced by the lone-pair of electrons on nitrogen. The basic nature of the alkaloids, in conjunction with their particular three-dimensional architecture, gives rise to often-potent physiological activities, e.g. the narcotics morphine and heroin. The laboratory synthesis of an alkaloid can be a challenging problem. The goal nowadays is not only to synthesise the natural product, but also to do so from simple molecules by a short elegant pathway. Such syntheses have practical importance because many alkaloids are desirable drugs. Large amounts of these alkaloids are often difficult to obtain from natural sources. A simple synthesis can provide an alternative supply of such a drug. The 19th century was the heyday for structural studies on the alkaloids and the 20th century was notable for the large number of elegant syntheses that have been accomplished. Virtually all of the major alkaloids have now been synthesised.

The effects of ICT on the individual

1. Internet e.g. email, websites, messenger, chat rooms 2. Communication e.g. mobile phone, video phone, video conferencing, information points 3. Entertainment e.g. games console, MP3 player, digital TV 4. Mobile access e.g. laptop, PDA, Wi-Fi, WAP 5. Data capture e.g. digital camera, voice recorder, scanner 6. Financial transactions e.g. ATM, EPOS, smart card Internet How the Internet Is Used The internet is used in many different ways such as; communication, finding information, publishing, commerce and for online learning. The most widely used facilities on the internet are; The World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail (e-mail), newsgroups, chat and publishing. The web is the most popular and fastest growing part of the internet. It provides easy access to a vast range of information stored on computers all over the world. E-mail allows people to send messages from one computer to another almost immediately. It is widely used and has become an alternative to the conventional letter post, the fax, and telephone. Newsgroups are discussion groups that usually focus on one particular subject and therefore enable people with common interests to communicate. Chat is similar to a telephone conversation, except people type instead of talk. People can hold conversations with one or more people by typing their messages on the screen. These appear instantly on the screens of everyone involved. Publishing is not just for organisations or businesses. Anyone can create their own Web site or weblog and ‘publish’ their files on the World Wide Web. Benefits of the Internet There are a numerous benefits of the internet such as communication, information, downloading software, services and e-commerce. People can benefit from internet communication because people can communicate in seconds with a person who is in the other part of the world. We can also e-mail people from all over the world and we can chat for hours with loved ones. Information is probably the biggest benefit the internet offers. Any kind of information on any topic in the world is available on the internet. People can almost find any type of data on any kind of subject that they are looking for. There is a vast amount of information available on the internet ranging from government law and services, market information, new ideas and technical support. Another benefit is downloading software. This is one of the most happening and fun things to do using the internet. People can download countless games, music, videos, movies, and lots of other entertainment software from the internet, whic h are mostly free. Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets for favourite movies, guidance services on a range of topics, and hotel reservations. Often these services are not available off-line and can cost more. Ecommerce is the idea used for any type of commercial planning, or business deals that involves the transfer of information across the globe via Internet. Ecommerce has got a real incredible and wide range of products from household needs, technology to entertainment. The internet can also provide children and adults alike with a world of exciting opportunities. It offers: 1. educational games and programs 2. research information for school projects and business 3. the opportunity to communicate with people from all around the world 4. the opportunity to share resources and ideas with people that have the same interests 5. Shopping around the world without leaving a computer. Disadvantages of the Internet The internet can have some disadvantages such as theft of personal information, spamming and virus threats. Theft of personal information is a disadvantage because if someone uses the internet, they may be facing great danger as their personal information such as their name, address, credit card number can be accessed by other people. Spamming means the sending of unwanted emails in bulk which don’t provide a purpose. These illegal actions can be very frustrating for people. Viruses are programs which interrupt the usual function of computers. Computers attached to the internet are more prone to virus attacks. Entertainment How Entertainment Is Used Entertainment is used in several ways such as games consoles, MP3/4 players and digital TV. Games consoles are used as entertainment by playing games, watching movies, surfing the web and listening to music. MP3 players are used as entertainment by listening to music. MP4 players are used as entertainment by watching video clips, looking at pictures and listening to music. Digital TV is used for entertainment by watching TV programmes. Digital TV has over 30 channels to watch. Benefits of Entertainment There are various benefits of entertainment. Entertainment sets peoples minds free, keeps people chilled out, releases stress, and it makes people feel happy. Entertainment is fun and keeps people occupied for long amounts of time. You can also use entertainment anywhere in the world as you can watch movies, play games and much more on mobile devices such as mobile phones, iPods and tablets. Disadvantages of Entertainment There are some disadvantages of entertainment as people can get carried away watching a movie, playing a game on a games console or listening to music using a MP3 player can make people late to appointments and meetings. Entertainment can also steer people away from work or studying as entertainment is addictive. Mobile Access How Mobile Access Is Used Mobile access can be used to access different things while on the move using a laptop, PDA or other devices. Mobile access can be used to access emails and to surf the web. Mobile devices can be used to access the internet via Wi-Fi (wireless internet) or via WAP (Wireless application Protocol). Benefits of Mobile Access Mobile access can be used almost anywhere in the world even on Mount Everest. Mobile access is wireless so there isn’t the hassle of carrying wires around. The price of mobile access isn’t over priced either and in fact some Wi-Fi hotspots are free to access and use. Mobile broadband can also be used in areas which do not have broadband. Mobile broadband can also be pay as you go so it is paid for when it is used instead of monthly. Disadvantages of Mobile Access Standard broadband or home broadband can sometimes be a lot cheaper than mobile broadband. The speed of mobile access can be slower than standard broadband. The download/usage limits for mobile broadband are quite restrictive. Communication How Communication Is Used Communication can be used with mobile phones, video phones, video conferencing and computers. Mobile phones can be used to communicate by texting and voice calling someone. Video phones can be used to communicate by seeing the person someone is talking to on the phone. Video conferencing can be used to communicate by seeing and speaking to numerous individuals at once. Computers can be used for communicating by sending an email to someone, chatting to someone in a chat room and video calling or voice calling someone using a program such as Skype. Benefits of Communication Communication can be used all most anywhere in the world using many different devices. Some forms of communication can be free such as using a free messenger program on a computer for example Windows Live Messenger is free to chat to someone, free to call someone who has Windows Live Messenger using a microphone and video calling someone who has Windows Live Messenger. Programs like Windows Live Messenger and Skype can be used to communicate with people from all over the world for free. Disadvantages of Communication Communication can have some disadvantages as the cost of some communication devices can be expensive. Calling someone using a mobile phone can sometimes cost quite a bit. If a webcam is used to communicate to someone sometimes the webcam can be hacked so a hacker can see you. If someone communicates to someone using the internet and the connection is slow things could be misinterpreted. Data Capture How Data Capture Is Used Data capture is used to capture many different things for example photos, speech and documents. Data capture is used in different ways such as taking pictures with a digital camera, recording a conversation using a voice recorder, scanning a barcode using a barcode scanner and copying a photo or document using a scanner. Benefits of Data Capture Data capture is a great way of capturing memories by taking photos using a digital camera. It is also a great way for people who are in a meeting and need to remember what was said in the meeting, people can do this by using a voice recorder. Data capture is also very helpful in shops as products can be scanned for a barcode using a barcode scanner. Another benefit of data capture is that if a backup of a printed photo or document is needed then it can be backed up by using a scanner. Disadvantages of Data Capture Some data capturing devices may not capture data properly for instance a voice recorder may stop recording randomly or the device may not record properly causing voices recorded to be muffled. Another disadvantage may be that barcode scanners in shops may not be updated properly so some product barcodes can’t be scanned as they won’t appear on the system.

How to Learn a Foreign Language Essay

There are three steps that can help people to learn a foreign language. First, you should learn some history and origin of the language. That is the first and most important step because it can increase your interest in studying the language. For instance, if you plan to study Chinese, you should know about some history such as that Chinese developed from the pictograph. That can help you to understand some words like the sign that describes the word human in Chinese is basically two lines shaped like a person’s legs. In other words, you can learn some history and origin of the language to get more interest in it. Then, you should learn some rudimentary knowledge of the language. That can help you laying a strong foundation of the language. To do this, you should study grammar, vocabulary, and some basic skills of the language. In order that, you can buy some books that can teach some basic knowledge of the language. Also, you can take some language classes at school to improve your language proficiency. Therefore, if you use some ways to study and consolidate your rudimentary knowledge of the language, you can learn advanced knowledge of the language more easily. Eventually, you should learn some advanced knowledge of the language. This can help you more easily communicate with others and read books. In other words, if you have some advanced knowledge of the language and speak very well, you cannot are lost in a different place where locals speak the language. To do this, you can join some community what their members study or use the language. Also, you can try reading some books, listening to music, and watching movies to achieve that. In addition, you should use the language frequently, such as by speaking with another person, because that can help you to keep an improvement and avoid forgetting. In short, if you don’t want to go to a different â€Å"planet,† you should learn a foreign language by these three steps. Of course, studying is a lengthy process so that you should keep interest and keep going. All in all, you can use these three steps to become a more knowledgeable person who can use another language.

Security and Loss Prevention Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security and Loss Prevention - Assignment Example This would be through keeping their databases safe and ensuring that they are the only persons with the passwords or access to the most sensitive information. My plan of action would involve giving them maximum security and ensuring that no one else can access the data they have except them. I would buy for them modern machines which would detect automatically any person trying to access the information. I would implement my measures by ensuring that the organization or the company buys the machines with immediate effect. I would also take my managers for training on how to keep sensitive and confidential information that belongs to the company safe. I would ensure that the executives familiarize themselves with the systems. If the managers or the executives are unable to operate the systems, I would employ more staff to assist the and still ensure there is no fraud or loss in the company (Sennewald and Christman 2008). I would follow the formal procedures in creating the loss prevention education workshop for the corporate executives. I would ensure that all the executives attend the workshop and even the other staff in the superior levels should attend. I would ensure that the topics taught in the workshop are related to the topic and they fully cover the topic of loss prevention. I would relieve the executives their duties for the days they would spend in the workshop their formal duties. I would also ensure that the workshop have objectives which should met by the end of the training. I would also involve the executives of the corporation in the creating of the loss prevention plan. I would use the following mechanisms to ensure that the lessons being learnt in the workshop work toward loss prevention. One I would be monitoring the executives on weekly basis to ensure that they apply the mechanisms taught. I would also correct information on regular basis from the executives on the

U.S. History from 1700 to 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

U.S. History from 1700 to 1877 - Essay Example The book ‘The Negro in American Rebellion’ by William Wells Brown, a noted literary figure, highlights the contributions of African-Americans in the military, in previous wars and in various slave uprisings. Recounted in less traditional historical point of view, the book argues that the African-American involvement and contributions to the war efforts were ignored or misrepresented in other traditional historical documentation which chronicled the life of African-American soldiers. The essay also describes that the book has a few weaknesses but on the whole the author’s arguments are convincing as they were backed by primary sources, such as newspaper articles and documents published by the government. The author’s agenda is mentioned in the essay in details and is apparent from the beginning: To promote the rights of African-Americans, acknowledge the contributions of the African-Americans in the war, support the anti-slavery efforts and bestow voting rights to soldiers of African descent in the Union. In conclusion, author of this essay suggests that Brown’s book is important in the understanding of the American history and experience as a whole in that it offers a disparate insight of life in the past. It factually depicts the struggles of the African-American soldiers and argues for the acknowledgement of their heroism. The experiences of the African-American soldiers in uprisings, rebellion and war cannot be discounted as they form a collective consciousness of the American life.

Explain the significance of legal personality. as part of your Essay

Explain the significance of legal personality. as part of your explanation you should identify why certain categories of people - Essay Example Consequently, some humans are assigned the label of limited legal personality, having limited rights in comparison with other humans. For example, law does not allow a bankrupt to become a director of a company, or a magistrate or a Member of Parliament. Also, mentally ill person has an insufficient legal capacity; consequently, he or she is disallowed to enter into a contractual relationship with any party. In the following pages, this paper is going to explain natural and artificial legal personalities and limitations on some legal personalities. Natural legal personality with beginning and end of life A natural legal personality comes with certain legal rights and obligations. Such legal rights are assigned to natural persons who qualify to have a legal capacity. The legal capacity is considerably helpful while deciding the rights and duties; depending on different social roles such as father and husband, employer and employee, voter and householder. However, law on the basis of o ccupation, age, sex, income, nationality and other relevant identifications that can be considered appropriate and relevant by the law makers, ascertain legal rights and obligations. Legal rights can only be assigned to living persons. However, some law makers may argue that an unborn foetus can have life as he or she can breathe. But, still the law has not assigned the legal status to an unborn foetus of being a legal person. Law has not defined death. There is not an exact definition that can bring an end to a natural legal personality. In history, heart beating has been used to ascertain the occurrence of death when the heart beating stops. However, the latest medicine advancement has also ensured the functioning of heart with the use of machine. Case law: R v Malcherek and Steel [1981] 1 WLR 690 Facts: A woman was stabbed by a man. She was kept alive with the help of a life-support machine, however her brain was dead. Held: Lord Chief Justice Lane, in the Court of Appeal, define d death. In the verdict, the Lord Lane remarked that death legally occurs when by the irreversible death of the brain stem, whose function is to direct the basic body function like breathing. After death-legal personality Law has not defined an unlimited type of natural legal personality. And, this limited legal personality is relevant even after the occurrence of death. The testator, a person who wrote the will, may be allowed to receive the same legal rights after his or her death in case he or she wants to distribute property according to the wishes. The court will ensure the according implementation of the terms mentioned in the will document. In this way, a possibility of dispute is considerably reduced which normally occurs in the process of property sharing. Natural legal personality: limitations Some legal personalities have limitations. And these limitations do not allow them to have the same sort of legal rights and duties given to other persons. It is their insufficient l egal capacity that disallows them to enter into a legally binding contractual relationship. Bankrupts A person who is unable to pay liabilities is declared as bankrupt by the court. As a result of such bankruptcy, the person is disallowed to become an MP, or a magistrate, or a director of a company. Mentally ill Mentally ill person has an insufficient legal capacity to understand the resultant implications of his actions. Consequently, the law does not

Cliffords Arguments Evidentialism Versus Will to Believe Essay

Cliffords Arguments Evidentialism Versus Will to Believe - Essay Example Clifford comes out with a model for intellectual honesty by following the arguments to their roots and refusing doubtful fictions. Clifford’s arguments are basically based on examples. In the first illustration, he involves a captain who believes the vessel is seaworthy. It is, however, a frequently repaired old ship. He represses his doubts, the ship had successfully embarked on voyages before and sets sail. The ship, carrying emigrants, sinks and all the people aboard drown. The shipowner is blameworthy but what if the ship had not gone down and the emigrants reached their destinations in safety? (Feldman, 24). Clifford holds the blame on the ship’s proprietor â€Å"because he had no right to believe on such evidence as was before him†. The belief concerning the ship’s seaworthiness is the shortcoming. It is by reason that he got his belief not by earning it honestly through a cautious investigation but by suppressing his doubts. Given that the voyage would have been a success, the shipowner is at fault because of the inadequacy of evidence laid out. According to Clifford, the crime is in ignorance and creation of the risk and not necessarily in the aftermath in the turn of events. In lawful execution, negligence accompanied but no harmful turn of events is punished in less stern terms in comparison to negligence that resulted in more harm. Clifford helps to explain that in the moral perspective, both are at the same level (James, 39). As illustrated in another case, it’s heard that some powerful individuals, for instance, professors of the University, are propagating dangerous doctrines through deceitful ways. An association for agitation purposed and the members made public accusations concerning these university professors.  Ã‚  

Why are men most of the time the leading character in science fiction Essay

Why are men most of the time the leading character in science fiction films - Essay Example Such determinations have manifested through female actors joining and streaming the art of science fiction films to agitate for their recognition. Feminist female writers have expressed desire to translate the current social shift that is intending to achieve total gender equality. Many reasons underlie the mystery of male gender appear to dominate or assume massive roles as leading characters in the science fiction film. One reason attributes to the intensive use of technology in the science fiction films (Tolette 42). In most of the science fiction films, it is common to come across high-tech guns, rockets, robots and massive scientific phenomena in the lines of technology. It is undisputable that male genders or men have been the main innovators, inventors and creators of the technologies and the technological devices. The fact that they create technology and technological devices places them in the best position to control and manage the operations of the devices. Tolette confirm s that these are facts known to every individual in the wider societies and it would be deceptive or meaningless for writers of the science fiction films give women leading roles in the movies (49). The aspect of deception can occur because movies and films act as reflections of the contemporary or future social issues within the particular societies, and people find it enjoyable when movies demonstrate some aspects of social reality. This means that using male gender to play leading roles in the films creates sense of reasonability, credibility and authenticity of the particular films of science fiction. However, the technological aspect tat warrants male dominance in the science fiction films is slowly fading since women are increasingly participating in technological advancements making it reasonable to begin featuring females as leading characters in the films. One example of such developments includes The Stepford Wives (1975) that featured a small village where there was gradu al replacement of wives with robotic women (Stange, Carol and Jane 1223). Other examples are the Eve of Destruction (1991, Aliens (1986), Terminator 2 and Cherry 2000 (1987), which pointedly placed women in the positions of technological mastery. The listed films feature women as wielders of hardware, creators of powerful programs and givers of orders. In the demonstration of Johnston, another reason for male taking leading roles in most of the science fiction movies relates to the fact that they men constitute the majority writers of the films (52). This dominance has seen male film writers focus on giving men roles of leading characters. The dominant male film writers also take advantage of widespread perception and reality that men constitute the great scientists and use the scientific fictions in films to confirm this reality to the societies. In addition, dominant male writers of the science fiction films use the privilege to hold on the traditional beliefs that put men above w omen. The film writers have the urge to demonstrate and reinforce their initial social order of making women subjective to men and incapable of playing complex roles. Another reason for domination of male in leading characters in science fiction relates to be belief that women make decisions based on emotions and tension while those of males rely on rationality (Stange, Carol and Jane 1224) 43). This fact makes filmmakers afford women subordinate and supporting roles while men play leading roles. Science fiction films solely bases on the principles of technology and are tech intensive. To operate successfully, scientific devices such as those

Global Strategy FrogPubs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Strategy FrogPubs - Essay Example The examination and the evaluation of the strategic choices and actions of Paul and Thor have led to the conclusion that their business would not actually have many chances to survive within the French market; it could be further noted that signs existed even regarding the inability of the firm to be successfully established in the specific market; but it seems that these signs were ignored – or at least, they were wrongly interpreted. The position of FrogPubs within the French market can be characterized as quite satisfactory; based on the fact that in Paris there is no similar pub – in accordance with the market research developed by Paul and Thor – it could be stated that FrogPubs would have many prospects to achieve a high growth. On the other hand, the market in Paris would be appropriate for the enterprise of such kind – having in mind that because of its geographical position, Paris has many tourists and visitors from England who would be expected to visit FrogPubs – since there is no similar enterprise across Paris. However, the strategic position of FrogPubs would be evaluated using additional criteria: the type of activities of an enterprise is not decisive in regard to its potentials for growth; rather, various elements in the internal and external organizational environment should be examined in order to evaluate whether the specific enterprise would have chances to survive t owards its rivals in the industry under examination. In this context, the strategic choices of Paul and Thor need to be examined and criticized; recommendations would be then produced based on the feasibility and the viability of the particular project – even in the short term.Thor can be characterized as successful – under common market conditions. No problems regarding their cooperation or communication appeared during the development of their project; their failure to understand the market practices has been irrelevant with their potentials to establish a successful partnership – which is not evaluated only in terms of the profits achieved but also in terms of the quality of communication and cooperation between the partners.

Adult learning and development perspectives from educational Essay

Adult learning and development perspectives from educational psychology - Essay Example Educational psychologists have discovered individual differences that start from the learning and development of children from schooling and end at their adolescence. Researchers have not only studied various behaviours of children but also analyzed and evaluated them by measuring their attitudes, testing their capabilities Educational psychologists believe that although adult learning and development are lifelong processes, but it is also unskeptical that the initial education and learning styles are those factors that depends entirely upon the values and morals which a child learn from its schooling environment.Adult educational psychology is concerned with the scientific methodology of learning styles of activities and developmental processes, which further results in the instructional practices and follow ups that promote learning and development not only restricted to educational aspects but also in other fields of adult growth throughout their development of adulthood. In this sense adult educational psychology has proved to be very beneficial and helpful, as it requires the use of latest technical methodologies, which helps the parents as well as teachers to understand about various complexities of adults' lives, which often the adults' tend to hide. Furthermore, adult educational psychology requires a more interdisciplinary approach that is not limited to the boundaries of traditional child-centered educational psychology as adults learn and develop from and within across multiple, interacting circumstances. Adults continue to learn throughout their lives irrespective of being in any environment, whatsoever be the circumstances and background. Theoretical Perspectives Technology has transformed everything in this new era towards perfection and betterment of life style. All these changes are reflected in the attitude of today's generation, but how Adult learning is subjected towards change as they adopt and they must adopt new changes easily and conveniently. So, adults are subjected to learning or development The main bone of contention here lies in the distinction between the issues of "learning" and "development". Learning and development can be molded in the form of "developing" and "non developing" processes. Theoretical vs. Methodological Perspective Developing learning can be referred to as the learning style followed by clear and achievable dimensions with such findings that support the formality of collaborative adult learning. Theoretical perspective awakes the need to follow traditional theories of learning and development without any modification to the conventional methods whereas methodological learning identifies the complexities of developmental learning leading to conventional methods which not only focus on individuals, whereas authentic learning

Analyzing the series of events that occurred, involving Karemore Best Essay

Analyzing the series of events that occurred, involving Karemore Best Health NHS Trust and St. Patchup Hospital NHS Trust - Essay Example It follows with a series of recommendations for change to avoid such mishap from recurring at the two hospitals. This would also serve as a reminder towards other health care institutions towards strict compliance of standard procedures, and a guide to prevent such accident to occur in their organization. As requested by the Chief Executives of both Karemore and St. Patchup Hospitals, the author of the present report is a Radiology Services Manager of a hospital outside Prosperham City. Summary The persons directly involved in the unfortunate circumstance are: (1) Mrs. Wanda Doff, the patient, (2) Di Gital, a radiographer employed at St. Patchup from an agency, (3) Karl Amity, a radiographer at Karemore who took the patient’s radiology exams, and (4) Dr. Penny Drops, anesthetist at Karemore involved in Mrs. Doff’s operation. Mrs. Doff died of respiratory and cardiac arrests in the middle of a hip replacement operation at Karemore Hospital. Due to complaints of right hip pain approximately 6 months before the operation, Mrs. Doff underwent a chest radiograph antero-posterior (AP) position at St. Patchup Hospital, which was conducted by Di Gital.... That same evening, Karl Amity once again conducted the examination but mixed up results of the said patient with another. Seeing that the results were normal, Dr. Drops agreed that Mrs. Doff could go into the theatre and proceeded with the operation. Complications aroused, however, leading the patient into respiratory and cardiac arrests where practitioners were not able to resuscitate her. Range of Incidences and Mistakes Upon investigating the incident, it can be traced that lapses started with the imaging departments of both Karemore and St. Patchup Hospitals. Initially looking at St. Patchup Hospital, the lack of supplies - in this case batteries for the hoist - triggered the sole personnel left in the room, Di Gital, to aid Mrs. Doff. This, however, is not an excuse since patient safety is always a priority, and Di Gital should have realized the risk placed upon the patient in the process of lifting her alone. Furthermore, several other lapses are perceived from Karemore Hospita l. Taking into consideration that Karl Amity has been a qualified radiographer for several years, it is expected that he knows how to conduct the procedures adequately and follow given protocols. However, the patient was exposed to excessive radiation dose because of Mr. Amity’s mistakes with centring and lateral hip projection. Dr. Drops also committed a mistake in the act of ordering another chest x-ray without reviewing the patient’s records which could have revealed all the previous examinations she has undergone. Additionally, Karl did not question the doctor’s order for another x-ray even in the knowledge that he has met the patient earlier that morning. To make matters worse, he interchanged the results of the patient with another woman’s, thereby giving wrong results

An introduction to search engines and web navigation Essay Example for Free

An introduction to search engines and web navigation Essay To entirely understand the importance, size and the impact that Google to the lives of many people across the world is not an easy task. To come up with a search engine found its way into the lives of millions and even and it has become part of our speech. Most people in the modern days use the term Google as verb which to make a search on the Internet. Google as matter of fact represent the biggest internet search engine in the whole world. It gives to the end user the most relevant and useful information from web pages which are over eight billion. It gets its revenue through online business advertisements. Google has launched many new products and services such as Google earth, android and Gmail. Although Google has grown rapidly and is currently dominating in the industry, it has problems too. It cannot seem to retain it staffs despite all the benefits that Google employees receive such us enjoying five star food and also the best insurance covers. The search engine giant which has held about 90 percent of the total market share for many years is known to have the highest turnover rate, with young staffs leaving for look new opportunities in other companies such as face book as they walk through the door or after spending some time. Google’s successes are not random. They are traced back to many factors which have been cautiously manipulated and managed. The management greatly fosters creativity and innovation .management has been very crucial to the success of the company despite the recent drawback of the senior employees’ turnover. Most of the senior employees have found what they are calling greener pasture such as face book. Just like the rest of the businesses Google has experienced several challenges which are related to management specifically in the human resource department. Face book has been a key poacher of employees who feel the need to shift from Google. Google is not only losing mere junior level employees, but also highly ranked innovative executives. They either go to other technology companies or start up their own companies. ( mark levene ,2013) Despite the fact that face book is far much smaller than Google as far as the employees population is concerned, Google is a giant company compared to Face book. The population factor is favorable as making an impact at Face book would be easier than at Google. It is difficult to work at a company the size of Google and make an impact. It is very hard for Google to maintain the kind of organizational culture and energy they had when they started up. It is also very difficult for Google to maintain all the employees and people they have hired since they started up. It is very important for organizations to develop a learning culture in their undertaking which allow a clear generation and exchange of ideas. It is evident that no company can manage to keep all employees with them forever. They have to move on at some point. However, in a learning organization where ideas are exchanged freely, even if one leaves, those who are left behind could grow his ideas and make it their corporate asset. The best managerial trick in the book is to keep knowledge going round the organization so that it does not leave when the owner At Google, the way of employee ranking is different .Traditionally, the product manager is usually above everyone else including the engineers. The engineers there have the final say on everything and their word is taken into account more than that of anyone else. Designers, operatives and other functions are taken to be inferior. Some move away to companies where they get big job titles that come with the expected regard. For some, they move on after spending quite a considerable amount of time at Google. After spending several years there, they feel the urge to move on and take on new adventures and challenges. Description of the company                  Google Company was founded in the year 1998, and it has developed into a big company since its formation, serving billions of people all over the world. The main headquarters of the company are located in Mountain View, California with the name GooglePlex but it has more than seventy offices in more than forty different countries. Although there are no dual offices which are similar, the visitors expect a few common characteristics (Hamen ,2011). Google company was founded by two fellows; Larry Page and Sergey Brin who met in 1995 at Stanford University, in the USA. By 1996, they had built a search engine that was originally called ‘Back Rub’ that applied links to determine the importance of individual web pages. The company was amalgamated on September 4, 1998 and had its Initial public offering (IPO) in August 19, 2004. Main success for the company has been mainly been led by the organizational culture in hiring practices. They recruit smar t and intelligent employees and mostly favor ability from experience one may have. Google Company offer products that make it rather simple for people to research for things and access them easily, as well as providing web packages for businesses and for the entire web business as well (Scott, 2008). The mission statement of the company is to organize the world’s data and facts and make it universally useful and accessible to everybody. Currently, research has shown that the company’s search engine is used by millions of people worldwide every day. Its vision entails organizing all the data in the world and creating it available and beneficial to everybody (Girard, 2008). This makes it probable for speedy searches and message winding via its mail package by the name Gmail. Their Google Chrome web is also part of the vision as it enables web browser add-ons thus opening up to fresh markets. However, despite all their technological advances and capability, the company is more ’people-centered’, for it recognizes the importance of the human resource in the accomplishment of its dream as well as long and short term aims and objectives in line with its mission. This is marked right from the commencement in the employment phase, where the company depends more on capability and shared aims and vision than experience (Scott, 2008). Employee participation and contribution is the involvement of employees in making of crucial decisions such as those as relating policy, aims or even quality and up to now there is no company could have done it better than Google. The company has taken employee involvement a mark higher by embracing the objectives and key results model in order to develop and prioritize objectives and goals. However, this model greatly involves every employee in key decision making together with implementation, and that what had led to success in recent years up to date. This model comprises: Every employee sets objectives and key results which requires all employees to come up with at least five aims and at least four outcomes from each aim for every three months, Managers and employees then have to commonly reach agreement on the set objectives and key outcomes before any step can be taken further, Evaluation of goals to employee and the management sets an achievement target of between sixty to seventy percent .The last that the model have is Decision on results whereby the management together with these employees, on evaluating the results, agree whether to proceed with these objectives for the unrealized key outcomes, or t o just establish fresh objectives. If those key outcomes are of great significance to the organization, then employees are permitted to continue with them (Girard, 2008, Scott, 2008). This model performs as a roadmap which is very essential in the logic that it keeps workers and everybody otherwise focused and working to attain what they have set out to. This keenly shifts the reliance of achieving the goals of the organization on just the other resources available to the employees, who are the active doers, not forgetting the professional employees that Google has employed. Google not only actively involves employees at the office atmosphere, but also in other leisure activities and interests. This boosts cohesion among groups and all employees as well as enhances team-building and these activities and prototypes are of great significance when it comes to applying their core business tactic (Girard, 2008). Google’s core business involves working on universal and cross-functional schemes at the heart of what they do. The cross-functional teams help to deliver perceptions to top management and managers hence controlling crucial decision-making, and undertaking and reserves on some of the serious investments of Google. This technique is however guided by ten views that the company upholds: Focus on the customer is the primary key and comes before anything else, so it is mainly considered. Google Company focus on offering the best internet search through laborious research and development. The search engine provide fast and effective access to the Internet sources thus being reliable (Frazel, 2009). Creating a web search engine that enables many people to post web links, and the objective is to bring what is of worth and helpful to the users. Not demanding to access information from your desk through developing mobile services to access information from anywhere on any type of device. Another view of the company is to show that you can make money without doing any evil deed. Ensuring that there is always more information out there meaning that Google strives to store more information for the users ( Frazel, 2009). By having many offices all over the world, it ensures that services are offered efficiently and continuously. Guaranteeing that you can be serious even without wearing suit and Google company do so allowing employees to work without having to wear suits. Stretching goals beyond the possible to ensure they get to the even higher levels by stating good is not good enough. Google Company gives a range of outfits that enables businesses of all types to work efficiently and prosper while on and off the web. These plans are the main principles that form the pillar of our own organization and have also empowered entrepreneurs and those who publish all over the world to grow their own business. The marketing and promoting programs, which assort from modest text advertisements to rich media advertisements, aid businesses discover customers, and help those who publish to create cash from their content. Google afford cloud computing products which can help organizations and businesses that save and invest money to be more fruitful (Girard, 2008). For example Google My Business is one of the services which enable customers to reach socialize with other customers across the world Google maps, Google search, and Google maps on their mobile devices without any payment. The company build products that they expect will make the web better and therefore the experience of the customers on the web improved. With merchandises such as Android and Chrome, Google Company want to create it faster and simpler for everyone to do what they want while online. Google Company is also devoted to the open web which will enable people to be involved in numerous projects in order to make it easier for web designers to participate to the online network and move the web onward. However, working hard to generate a web that is well and healthier for the surrounding by applying resources professionally and supporting renewable power. The internet network has advanced extremely since Google Company first appeared on the sight, but single entity that has n ot changed is the confidence in the infinite options of the Internet currently (Frazel, 2009). The management of Google Company is well organized in all terms and this have steadily assisted in its expansion and growth globally. Beginning with the executive officer who is the most crucial person in the company, he has contributed a lot in terms of advising his employees and managing the company. The direct communication system to the employees is done using direct mails to any of the Google Company’s front-runner and facilitated by use of Google Moderator, an invention of employee’s organization tool designed by the engineers in the company (Girard, 2008). The clue behind this innovation was that, when its employees have direct communication to make to the rest of employees in the company, or there are company-wide meetings of Google Company, any question can be answered to the employee. Through Moderator, employees can realize on hand company ideas, proposals, see the collective votes to date, create a new sequence asking for ideas that either come from their th oughts or other users they interact with in the work in an organized   topic, and during Google events or meeting. Through this system, Google company has being able to tap into the many talents of its employees and customers as possible. Company has faced a major problem with employees leaving the company for other companies like Facebook: which has been a key poacher of employees who feel the need to shift from Google. Google is not only losing mere junior level employees, but also highly ranked innovative executives. They either go to other technology companies or start up their own companies. However, top executives leaving Google and joining Facebook has become more like a trend nowadays. One of the key men at Google to leave for Facebook in recent times is Lars Rasmussen, who is the co-founder of Google maps and the Google branch in Sydney. Rasmussen left Google just two months after they had rejected his toy project, an innovation he was keen on introducing, called ‘Google Wave’. Google wave was intended to be a new technology that would boost online and social interactions via the web as well as enhance coordination (Girard 2008). Facebook is far much smaller than Google. In terms of employee population, google is a giant compared to Facebook. Google has25000 employees whereas Facebook 2000 employees. This population factor as noted by Rasmussen was favorable as making an impact at Facebook would be easier than at Google. He notes that it is difficult to work at a company the size of Google and make an impact. The energy and spirit with the Facebook workforce, as he noted, was high. Rasmussen is one of the many senior creative executives to leave Google for greener pastures where their opinions and ideas are taken seriously. Key members of the team that worked with him in the implementation of Google maps, Bret Taylor and Jim Norris, also left the company to join another known as ‘Benchmark Capitals’, where they were given better job titles. At around the same time the two left, another important executive and a third product manager to leave for Facebook Paul Kedrosky was quoted in an email liken ing his new employers to the â€Å"Google of yesterday and the Microsoft of many years ago†. He seemed content at his new workplace especially because the company executives would meet up every occasionally and accord everyone the opportunity to feed on each other’s genius. He applauded at Facebook for achieving better results with just sixty results what others elsewhere could not achieve with six hundred (Girard 2008). It is critical to recognize the fact that it is very hard for Google to maintain the kind of organizational culture and energy they had when they started up. It is also very difficult for Google to maintain all the employees and people they have hired since they started up. This is due to the many factors as well as availability of a wide range of options from other silicon entities like them, which their employees are seizing. This shifting of key important creative talent could be attributed to the changing concepts on how the new generation employees are perceiving work. The 21st generation workforce needs to feel like they ‘work with’ rather than the traditional notion of ‘working for’. The need to be involved in critical decision-making and get their opinions heard and considered is why they might tend to leave companies where employees are given responsibilities rather than taking them up. Collaborating with employees in idea generation and decision ma king processes will make them own up responsibilities and that is enough drive and motivation to work (Snell Bohlander 2013). The employee’s knowledge is no longer the management’s prerogative nor the organization’s but that of the individual employees. It is important for organizations to develop a learning culture in their organizations. This will ensure that ideas are generated and exchanged: from the original conceiver of the thought to the rest of the organization. Rasmussen left at a time when he was working on a new project that would have re-defined online interactions. He walk right out the Google door along with is idea. It is evident that no company can manage to keep all employees with them forever. They have to move on at some point. However, in a learning organization where ideas are exchanged freely, even if one leaves, those who are left behind could grow his ideas and make it their corporate asset. The best managerial trick in the book is to keep knowledge going round the organization so that it does not leave when the owner leaves. It is therefore important to forge co operation with employees so that ideas are generated, nurtured as well as grown (Snell Bohlander 2013). Many employee and top executives have left Google over the years. Below are some pf the reasons as to why they have left: Being anything else other than an engineer meant you were below everyone else. Traditionally, the product manager is usually above everyone else including the engineers. At Google, the case is different. The engineers there have the final say on everything and their word is taken into account more than that of anyone else. Designers, operatives and other functions are taken to be inferior. Some move away to companies where they get big job titles that come with the expected regard. For some, they move on after spending quite a considerable amount of time at Google. After spending several years there, they feel the urge to move on and take on new adventures and challenges. Another factor that made people leave is the feeling of disconnection especially for those in satellite offices. People like Lars Rasmussen and part of the Google wave team located in Australia left because they felt that their views and ideas were not being put into consideration by the head office at Mountain view , California, in the USA. Making a point at Google needed one to make a trip to Mountain View, which is ironical considering the massive technology they are dealing with meant to transmit information. This disconnect made them leave to places where audience is accorded. Others leave Google to go for better offers. With names like Google, Facebook and Microsoft one one’s resume is something incredible. Some will move to places like Facebook, where most of Google’s ex-employees go, because the offer is better plus the boost in resume and credentials for future employment. Lastly, some top executives will leave Google because they feel the entrepreneurial itch. The urge to start up their own enterprises acts as a drive to move away and start their own thing. Good examples are; Ev Williams who founded the social network Twitter, Dennis Crowley who founded Foursquare, Kevin Systrom the founder of Instagram and Ben Silbermann who is the founder of Pintrest. Anna Patterson, a former employee, left to even create a rival business by crating her own search engine(Girard 2013). However, this rate at which employees are defecting to rival companies can be delt with by use of the necessary theories and applying them in operations. The motivation theory of management by objectives (MBO’S) would work at Google. This means that, instead of receiving orders from above, employees will be involved in strategic decision-making especially on operations affecting their daily work. This ensures they are part of formulating goals and objectives, which will in turn drive them towards working to achieve. More innovative employees have a high likelihood of leaving jobs that do not offer them opportunity for strategic input.Employees expect growth and future promotions as well as pay hikes for doing their jobs diligently. Google should provide opportunity for growth and not ignore some ideas, as this is what will make the employee successful in his /her field. Strategic talent management is an important principle to be able to cater for the needs of the available ski llful workforce so that they can be as productive as possible (Beck, 2004). Lastly, organizational learning should be encouraged and practiced. This not only gives the employees a learning opportunity from the environment, but also from each other. Through this, employees are able to lift and better each other’s ideas with the market in mind hence there will be increased quality of products offered as well as better market reception due to the good reputation of the organization all round. A learning organization will see employees involve themselves in process improvement, setting of objectives and developing a self drive to work towards achieving the set goals and with minimum supervision. Employee turnover will thus reduce due to increased satisfaction (Argyris, 1999). Conclusion                  The culture in an organization is very crucial since it plays a huge role in whether it is healthy and happy environment to work in .In promoting and communicating the organizational culture, their acceptance and acknowledgement, can greatly motivate the work behavior and also the attitudes. For the case of Google, when the interaction of senior and junior employees is good, there will be greater contribution toward the team collaboration and communication and there is encouragement to accomplish the mission or achieve their set objective given by the organization hence enhancing job satisfaction. Despite its unbelievable employee’s turnover rate, Google continue to dominate search. The company, nevertheless, may need to take keen look at its lucrative profit and consider whether they are actually having that a great deal of an effect on employee maintenance. The outstanding adaptation that Google have has made it further ahead of its competitor. G oogle has been able to overcome many challenges which have made it to reign in the broad search kingdom. Its mission statement of is to organize the world’s data and facts and make it universally useful and accessible to everybody. Several researches are underway to determine how it is being used in the whole world daily, these researches are very crucial since they help to improve the quality of their products and service. Recommendation                  Google should encourage employee education. This not only gives the employees a learning opportunity from the environment, but also from each other. Through this, employees are able to lift and better each other’s ideas with the market in mind hence there will be increased quality of products offered as well as better market reception due to the good reputation of the organization all round. A learning organization will see employees involve themselves in process improvement, setting of objectives and developing a self drive to work towards achieving the set goals and with minimum supervision. Employee turnover will thus reduce due to increased satisfaction The motivation theory of management by objectives would work at Google. This means that, instead of receiving orders from above, employees will be involved in strategic decision-making especially on operations affecting their daily work. This ensures they are part of formulating goals and objectives, which will in turn drive them towards working to achieve. Google should offer opportunity for expansion and not disregard some ideas, since this is what will allow the employees to be victorious in their fields. Planned talent management happens to be important standard to have the ability to provide for the requirements of the available competent workforce so as they can be productive Google should create environment which encourage retention via creating more chances for professional development, involvement in decision making. It should forge cooperation with its employees so that ideas are generated, nurtured and some time grown. References Argyris, C. (1999). On organizational learning. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Business. Beck, R. C. R. C. (2004). Motivation: Theories and principles. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education. Girard, B. (2008). The Google way: 12 management strategies to revolutionize your business. San Francisco, Calif: No Starch. Snell, S., Bohlander, G. W. (2013). Managing human resources. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Girard, B. (2008). The Google way: 12 management strategies to revolutionize your business. San Francisco, Calif: No Starch. Frazel, M. (2009). Using Google and Google Tools in the classroom: Grades 5 up. Westminster, CA: Teacher Created Resources. Scott, V. A. (2008). Google. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Levene, M. (2013). An introduction to search engines and web navigation. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Source document

Children and Nature in Poetry

Children and Nature in Poetry In numerous poems during the romantic period the themes are centered on children and nature. The themes are not just about children alone and not just nature but the two subjects together. This is to suggest that children and nature are connected, the two subjects are one. Poets during the romanticism era use the childhood period as sort of a looking glass into nature and its true aspects which seems to get lost once adulthood is reached. The poems in the romantic era are all about trying to regain that innocence that special bond that a child seems to be able to share with nature. Samuel Coleridges poem Frost at Midnight is set in the winter season with him describing his feelings about his infant baby. Coleridge realizes how special his child is and how his child is able to share a connection with nature. A connection, that Coleridge believes that he was deprived of For I was reared/ in the great city, pent mid cloisters dim, and saw naught lovely but the sky and stars(Coleridge 51-53). Coleridge here claims that because he was raised within the city he never was able to create that special bond with nature. Due to this fact he uses his child now as sort of that medium into understanding nature, since he himself lost that time of innocence to the city. Coleridge is pained by his bringing up in the city life and throughout the poem is rejoicing that his child instead will be able to grow in nature. But thou, my babe! Shalt wander like a breeze/ by lakes and sandy shores, beneath the crags/ of ancient mountain, and beneath the clouds.(Coleridge 54-56). The line Shalt wander like a breeze suggest that Coleridge believes that child and nature are one. The child will actually become a part of nature, a breeze and shall wander in nature by the lakes and sandy shores. Coleridge by the end of his poem is still hopeful for his child. That even when his child is grown, will still remember that humans and nature are one, he claims that God will help him maintain this status. Great universal Teacher! He shall mould/ thy spirit, and by giving make it ask. Therefore all seasons shall be sweet to thee.(Coleridge 63-65). Coleridge uses the child in this poem to show that children and nature are one. Through this poem the audience is meant to see that humans and nature are not separate entities but together they act as one single unit. Unfortunately as we leave childhood and begin our journey into adulthood we seem to lose that view of nature and ourselves and begin to see nature separately. Looking next at Wordsworth poem Ode Intimations of immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood Wordsworth also agrees with the Coleridge idea, that children are able to connect with nature. The only difference between the two is that Wordsworth believes that as every child is born, they immediately share a connection with nature and with heaven, that they are born with this connection. Coleridge on the other hand believes that this connection, yes, occurs during the innocent time of childhood but is not one that is guaranteed. For Coleridge this connection must be made, you are not born with it, for he himself says he never had the chance to connect with nature the way his child is able to. Wordsworth in this poem wants the audience to wake up! To see that we have lost our way and have been sleeping, he wants us to return to the mindset of a child There was a to,me when meadow, grove, and stream,/ the earth, and every common sight,/ to me did seem/ appareled in celestial light,/ the glory and the freshness of a dream.(Wordsworth 1-5). Children are the ones who are able to see nature for what is truly is. Heaven lies about is in our infancy!(Wordsworth 66). Unfortunately Wordsworth loses this way of seeing and thinking to the world as he begins to grow. It is not now as it hath been of yore; / turn wheresorer I may/ by night or day,/ the thinks which I have seen I not can see no more. (Wordsworth 5-9). Here Wordsworth is sadden that although he tries to see what he once was able to, he can not. Wordsworth believes that losing this mentality is inevitable. Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting; Shades of the prison house begin to close/ upon the growing boy.(Wordsworth 58, 67-68). Wordsworth is sadden by this thought that we lose our innocence appreciation for the natural world. Yet he is reminded that he can still be happy for he still has the child and his memories to help connect to nature. Wordsworth uses his experiences and a child to keep him connected and Coleridge uses his infant to keep him connected. This is what it means when Child is the father of man. Of course the child can not care for the man, but still the child has something to offer. Just as a father offers protection and care for a child, the child offers the mindset and lens into the natural world. The child is a reminder that nature and humanity are one; they are intertwined with one another.

Technology has bad effects on environment

Technology has bad effects on environment Industrialization coupled with technological advancement has continued to affect the environment in a negative way. Industrial benefits resulting from technological adaptation in major activities has indirectly contributed towards higher living standards though bad part on technology manifest more. This is evidenced by increasing international discussions and consultations through conferences and meetings. A major theme in such meetings is on environmental violations resulting from technology. Complaints and issues associated with effects of technology are arising globally (Ausubel Sladovich,1999). Environmental degradation is a growing concern as continued industrialization is being witnessed mostly in developed countries. There are three major negative impacts of technology on environment discussed in this essay. First, environmental pollution resulting from waste output is a resultant factor of technology. Contribution to global warming is the second effect of the growing technology. Lastly, depletion of natural resources and ecological imbalances experienced today result from technology. To start, environmental pollution occurs as a result of technology mismanagement and lack of control measures. Technological improvement in recent years has seen production of more machines, weapons and automobiles. Increased consumption of improved facilities triggers demand which in turn influences supply of required quality of products that are major effectors of industrialization using improved technology. Importance of technology in such cases is attributed to satisfaction of human wants. Though adverse pollution of environment due to increased production in the manufacturing and processing industries, weapons testing and high usage of automobiles such as cars. Air pollution, water and noise pollution are the key components of an environment that has been continually polluted as a result of technology. Emission of large quantity of gases such as CO2 in the air by large industries causes air pollution which in turn has degraded environment immensely. Again, disposal of waste into the rivers and water systems by industries and other institutions is an environmental hazard through water pollution. Similarly, a lot of noise pollution from weapons testing and usage, industries in their routine production processes and automobiles is causative of environmental dilapidation (Ausubel Sladovich, 1999). Furthermore, technology contributes towards depletion of resources. Development and usage of technology is contributing to increase industrial activity that requires raw material from natural resources such as coal, timber and wild animals. As well, extensive agricultural activities as experienced in Bangladesh is beneficial in terms of productivity but depletion of natural resources such as forest cover, water and soil fertility and its organisms composition is a likely event. Farming activities such as burning of bushes, deforestation and usage of chemicals to enhance soil fertility is an environmental exploitive. As well extensive mining of gold, diamond and other minerals is an activity that is contributing towards depletion of resources at an alarming rate. Overexploitation of fossil fuel and other resources ceases to be beneficial and becomes an environmental threat. In addition, ecological systems imbalances and disruptions result from technological advancements in the modern world. Collapse of ecological life and extinction of organisms from their natural habitats is a direct probable result of technology. Wildlife extinction from their natural habitat to create more space for farming activities and home for increasing population is an evidence of how technology causes ecological imbalances. Availability of improved technology causes people to device convenient ways of satisfying their basic needs and increased productivity requirement. Human embark of activities such as deforestation, extensive farming activities, environmental pollution which lead to changes in the natural lifecycles that maintain ecosystem. Though ecosystems can rebound from these negative effects, continued of environmental degradation through destructive human activities affected by technology will eventually lead to collapse. Lastly, current issues on global warming are negative effects of technology and environmental factors. Unchecked technology advancement and utilization specifically in areas causing air and water pollution leads to atmospheric gases imbalances (Ausubel Sladovich, 1999). Emission of harmful gases such as CO2 in large amounts forms greenhouse effects that are the major components of global warming. Green house gases result from activities such poor farming methods, transport systems, manufacturing processes and renewable power generation activities especially using coal. Fossil fuel extraction through burning and clearing of farming lands through burning concentrates harmful gases hence affecting climate. In conclusion, higher percentage of environmental problems is a direct result of technology mismanagement by innovators and users. A small portion of environmental issues relate to economic, social and natural changes resulting from human activities. Environmental pollution, ecological systems disturbances, depletion of natural resources and climatic changes resulting from global warming are technological influenced. Technology is significant in development and increased productivity to satisfy human need, but uncontrolled technology impacts environment negatively. References Ausubel, J. Sladovich, A. (1999).Technological advancement. Washington D.C, US: National Academic publishers.

Oliver Twist: The Anchor Of Character Development Essay -- essays rese

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oliver Twist: the Anchor of Character Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Dickens novel, Oliver Twist, centers itself around the life of the young, orphan Oliver, but he is not a deeply developed character. He stays the same throughout the entire novel. He has a desire to be protected, he wants to be in a safe and secure environment, and he shows unconditional love and acceptance to the people around him. These are the only character traits that the reader knows of Oliver. He is an archetype of goodness and innocence. His innocence draws many people close to him. Each character is attracted to his innocence for different reasons, some to destroy it and others to build it. Their relationships with Oliver reveal nothing more about his personality. They reveal more about their own personalities. Therefore, Oliver is used not as the protagonist of the story, but as the anchor for the development of the other characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the anchor of character development, Oliver helps reveal the redeeming qualities of Dickens’ Mr. Brownlow. Dickens moves through a series of developments with Mr. Brownlow and it is only when he comes into contact with Oliver that his character is fully developed. He is initially described by Dickens as an â€Å"old gentlemen† with a â€Å"very respectable-looking personage, with a powdered head and gold spectacles† (114). The reader is left to draw their own conclusions about him as he is only described one dimensionally. When Mr. Brownlow gives chase to Oliver after being robbed by Olivers’ associates, it seems as though Mr. Brownlow might have little respect or mercy for the lower class. Instead, the reader finds that Mr. Brownlow is a kind and merciful man. He takes pity on Oliver, telling the policeman not to hurt him and arguing for his release inside the court house. Mr. Brownlow takes Oliver to his house where he is very well cared for by Mrs. Bedwin. When Oliver recovers from his fever, he goes to speak with Mr. Brownlow. During their meeting Mr. Brownlows character is further developed. He reveals a sad past to Oliver saying,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" I have been deceived, before, in objects whom I have endeavored to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &... ...pe from the filth and crime that she was pushed into as a child. Dickens develops Nancys character to show that people in poverty can not always help their situations. They might live a life of crime, but do they have any other choices? Nancys development as a character gives the reader an interesting perspective on the lower class and their situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oliver Twist is a novel about the adventures and the life of Oliver yet, his character is not as developed as some of the others. He is not the protagonist, which leads one to ask, what purpose does he serve? Oliver has the most important role in the novel, he links everyone together. He is the anchor, not the hero. He develops the characters. The characters whom he becomes the closest with are the characters that the reader comes to know and love. He might be deemed a symbol rather than a character. A symbol of innocence. Innocence reveals so much about a person because it is so pure. Does the character want to destroy his innocence or does he want to make it grow? The way that each character interacts with Oliver tells the reader about their nature. This is Dickens method for character development.